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Abnormal Exam #1
Lora Rose Hunter FSU- CLP4143
182
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
01/20/2013

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Term
Cultural Relativism
Basics
Definition
different definitions

no universal standards or rules
Term
Cultural Relativism
Problems
Definition
societal norms have historically been manipulated
Term
Unusualness
basics
Definition
rare behaviors are abnormal
Term
Unusualness
Problems
Definition
what is rare?

rare behaviors aren't always problematic
Term
Distress
Basics
Definition
behaviors are abnormal only if the individual suffers distress and wishes to get rid of the behavior

avoids the problem of using societal norms
Term
Distress
Problems
Definition
ack of insight

behaviors that endanger others?
Term
Mental Illness
Basics
Definition
Behaviors are abnormal that result from mental illness or disease
Term
Mental Illness
Assumptions
Definition
abnormality is a clear, identifiable categorically different phenomenon state of being that differs from "health"
Term
Mental Illness
Problems
Definition
not all abnormal behaviors result from an identifiable disease
there are many causes for mental illness
sometimes the line is hard to distinguish
Term
Modern Perspective reflects interplay of 4 dimensions:
Definition
Dysfunction
Distress
Deviance
Dangerousness
Term
Integrated Perspective taken together=
Definition
maladaptiveness
Term
Biological theories
Definition
Similar to physical disease, breakdown of some systems of the body.
Term
Supernatural theories
Definition
Divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin.
Term
Psychological theories
Definition
Mental disorders as the result of environmental influence, maladaptive thinking.
Term
Theories of abnormal behaviors
Definition
Biological theories

Supernatural theories

Psychological theories
Term
2 Ancient Theories
Definition
Prehistoric/Stone age (supernatural beliefs)

Ancient China
Term
Prehistoric/Stone age (supernatural beliefs)
Definition
Spirit possession
Trephination
Term
Ancient China
Definition
Nei Ching (text of internal medicine)
Yin and Yang (a biological theory)
Term
Egypt, Greece & Rome
Definition
Primarily “natural” theories (biological theories)
Kahun Papyrus (Egypt)
Hysteria (the wandering uterus!) (Greece)
Term
Hippocrates & Early Greek Physicians
Definition
Rejected supernatural explanations
Prescribed treatments similar to those we use today, especially behavioral activation.
Term
Medieval Views
Definition
social punishment, control**
Term
The Renaissance
Definition
Not a great time to be mentally ill…
Term
The Spread of Asylums
Definition
protecting the public
Term
Modern Mental-Health Care
Definition
Deinstitutionalization
Term
Psychiatrist
Definition
M.D.

prescribe medication
Term
Clinical Psychologists
Definition
terminal
Ph.D

Research
Limited prescription privileges in some states
Term
Marriage & Family Therapists
Definition
M.A.

Specialize in Families, Couples, Children
Term
Clinical Social Workers
Definition
M.A.
M.S.


-Often work for government agencies
Term
Psychiatric Nurses
Definition
degree in nursing


-Specialization in treatment of severe psychopathology

-Often work in inpatient settings
Term
Doctor of Psychology
Definition
PsyD


-4 year, Professional Therapy Degree
Term
PhD Areas
Definition
Clinical

Cognitive

evelopmental

Neuroscience

Social
Term
Clinical
Definition
abnormal processes/disorders
Term
Cognitive
Definition
normal (and Abnormal) Information Processing
Term
Developmental
Definition
Normal (and Abnormal) development/ learning processes
Term
Neuroscience
Definition
Brain

Biological processes
Term
Social
Definition
group dynamics/processes

situational influences on behaviors
Term
Abnormal Psychology also equals=
Definition
Clinical Psychology
Term
Theory
Definition
Set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon, as well as gathering & interpreting information about that phenomenon.
Term
Theories are NOT
Definition
Facts
Stable
Mutually Exclusive
Created Equal
Term
Theories also
Definition
never have a single hypothesis

constantly evolving thing

do not involve the same things that were learned 15 years ago
Term
Nature
Definition
biological/genetic
Term
Nurture
Definition
environmental
Term
Nature vs Nurture
Definition
classic conflict

Assumes mutual exclusivity, single cause
Term
Diathesis Stress
Nature vs Nurture
Definition
Vulnerability & Stress= disorder
Term
Vulnerability
Definition
Biological (genes, biochemistry, brain anomalies)

Social (maladaptive upbringing, chronic stress)

Psychological (unconscious, conflicts, poor skills, maladaptive cognitions)
Term
Stress
Definition
Biological (onset of a disease, exposure to toxins)

Social (traumatic event, major loss)

Psychological (perceived loss of control, violation of trust)
Term
Feeling _____ for yourself can cause your _______________ to change
Definition
bad

neurotransmitters
Term
_________ ___________ causes people to have some disorders
Definition
Socioeconomic status
Term
Schizo pregnancy
Definition
mother having flu in the second trimester,
but combined with genetic possibility of having the disease
Term
Main Modern Theoretical Perspectives
Definition
Biological Approaches

Psychological Approaches

Sociocultural Approaches
Term
Biological Approaches
Definition
Brain Dysfunction/Structural Abnormalities

Biochemical Imbalances

Neurotransmitter

Endocrine/hormones

Genetic Abnormalities
Term
Psychological Approaches
Definition
Behavioral

Cognitive

Psychodynamic

Humanistic

Emotion-Focused
Term
Structural Theories
Definition
abnormalities in the structure of the brain cause mental disorders
Term
Biochemical Theories
Definition
imbalances in neurotransmitters or hormones or poor functioning of receptors for neurotransmitters causes mental disorders

activities of those regions & NTs activated send hormones
Term
Genetic Theories
Definition
an accumulation of disordered genes leads to mental disorders

what genes code for
Term
Phineas Gage
Definition
pole through his head fully changing him as a person
Term
Structural Damage & Brain Disfunction
Definition
blunt trauma (auto accidents, dynamite etc.)
diseases that deteriorate the brain
26correlated with problematic psychological functioning
Term
Junior Seau
Definition
TBI that caused suicide

multiple hits in football or any sport that he played.
Term
Biochemicals?
There a re 2
Definition
Neurotransmitters

Endocrine System
Term
Definition of NT
Definition
1Cmessengers 1D that carry impulses from one neuron to another.
100+
Term
Major Neurotransmitters
Definition
Serotonin (5-ht)
Dopamine
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Term
Serotonin
Definition
(5-ht)
Aggression, impulsivity, sleep 26 every damn thing

Substance abuse drugs mimic serotonin and thus cause addiction
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Substances & Parkinsons

L-dopa helps treat Parkinson patients, initial treatments that will stop tremors for a while
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
Produced mainly in brainstem
Cocaine & amphetamines

automatic functions
Term
GABA
Definition
Inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters
Tranquilizers
sedative action
Term
Symptoms result from 26
Definition
1) neurotransmitters in the synapses.
reuptake (SSRIs)
degradation (MAOIs)

2) Too few, insensitive, desensitized neurotransmitter receptors.
Term
SSRI allows more ___________ to stay in the synaptic gap
Definition
serotonin
Term
SSRI allows more ___________ to stay in the synaptic gap
Definition
serotonin
Term
SSRI allows more ___________ to stay in the synaptic gap
Definition
serotonin
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
glands that produce hormones released directly into the blood system…
Term
Behavior Genetics
Definition
the study of the genetics of personality & abnormality.
Term
Abnormalities
Definition
in individual genes are common

in chromosome structure & number cause multi-faceted disorders
Term
Chromosome 17:
Definition
Gene that causes breast cancer

Contains between 1200-1500 genes
Including… HOXB, BRCA1, SLC6A4
Term
Why is genetics so complicated?
Because it includes :
Definition
Polygenic
Epigenetics
Homeobox
Mutations
Term
Monozygotic Twins
Definition
identical twins

100% of genes shared
Term
Proband
Definition
identify individuals with a disorder

including mental illness. Likely hood of having the same condition
Term
Concordance Rate in Twins
Definition
the probability that both twins have a disorder if one twin has the disorder.

Determine the contribution of genetics to disorders by considering the differences between MZ vs. DZ twins.
Term
Higher chance of getting twins if you are in ___ and _____
Definition
30's
40's
Term
Psychodynamic
Definition
“The Talking Cure”

Freud, A. Freud,
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Scientific testing of theories
Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura
Term
Cognitive Theory
Definition
Scientific testing & explanation of maintenance of disorders

Seligman, Abraham, Beck
Term
Humanistic & Existential Theory
Definition
Client-Centered

Rogers, Maslow, Perls, Heidegger, Kierkegaard
Term
Psychodynamics
basics
Definition
All behavior, thoughts, & emotions are influenced to a large extent by unconscious processes.
Term
Psychodynamic theory is the brain child of ___________ ________
Definition
SIGMUND FREUD
Term
Psychoanalysis refers to:
Definition
a theory
a method of investigating the mind
a form of treatment

Unconscious & subconscious

Looking for psychic energy, locked up in unconscious
Term
Humans have 2 drives?
Definition
libido & aggressive drive
Term
Psychodynamic Criticism
Definition
Karen Horney


1) Emphasis on sexual drives & anatomy… to the exclusion of environmental and cultural influences.
2) Male as the prototypic human being.
3) Generalizing from tiny sample.
Term
Psychodynamics & The Flat Earth Model
Definition
Difficult/impossible to test fundamental assumptions
Treatment is long-term, intensive, unaffordable
MUCH less empirical support than other psychological therapies
Term
Humanistic & Existential philosophy
Definition
assume humans have an innate capacity for goodness & for living a full life.
Term
Humanism
Definition
A “reaction” to the pessimism of Freud
In therapy: Reflection vs. Interpretation of unconscious
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
Self-actualization
Client-Centered Therapy


Helping people find their full potential
Relevant to the clients lives.
Term
Abraham Maslow
Definition
Hierarchy of Needs


Reaching full potential at the top**

Once needs are satisfied they will help people, completely different than freud.
Term
Existentialism
Definition
what is the purpose of existing


Fritz Perls, Martin Heidegger, & Soren Kierkegaard
Term
Social & Interpersonal Theories
Definition
Attachment

Development
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
understanding roles

Mr. Interpersonal
Split with Freud
Argued that the primary motivation of humans is to belong to & participate in social groups
Term
Pavlov
Definition
russian physiologist studying salivary glands

Pavlov was the conditioned response causing the dog to salivate

Cell phones- noise causing the people to thin, Cool new information
Term
Pavlov Theory
Definition
Unconditioned response + unconditioned stimulus= conditioned reponse
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus:
Definition
Naturally produces a desired response.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
the shaping of behaviors by providing rewards for desired behaviors & punishments for undesired behaviors
Term
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
pairing behaviors with reward/punishment every time.
Term
oPartial Reinforcement Schedule –
Definition
pairing reward/punishment only sometimes.
Term
Extinction
Definition
the elimination of a learned behavior.
Term
Unconditioned response:
Definition
naturally produces a desired response
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
natural response
Term
Conditioned stimulus-
Definition
previously neutral stimulus paired with US
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
previously neutral stimulus paired with US
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
when the child stops being bad in the store once he gets the treat.
Term
Existentialism
Definition
the reason that we exist


Fritz Perls, Martin Heidegger, & Soren Kierkegaard
Term
Humanism
Definition
A “reaction” to the pessimism of Freud
In therapy: Reflection vs. Interpretation of unconscious

Carl Rogers
Term
Reliability
Definition
the consistency of a test in measuring what it is supposed to measure.
Term
Validity
Definition
the accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure
Term
Aseessment
Definition
the process of gathering information about symptoms and causes of symptoms.
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
a label attached to a set of symptoms that tend to occur with one another. (syndrome)
Term
The Disease Model
Definition
assumes you can define where normality ends & psychopathology begins.
Term
Problems with unstructured interviews?
Definition
Leave out questions that you should be asking.
Relying on just one mode of assessment
Need more than one source
Could be biased
Term
Diagnostic Interview
Definition
Need the opportunity to take us down every path rather than just one.

Diagnostic interviews will reduce the number of disorders thought the person has
Term
Structured Interview
Definition
series of questions, concrete criteria
Term
Questionnaires
Definition
Why we like them:
Quick & easy to administer
Provide normative information to aid in diagnosis.
Allow for efficient symptom monitoring that can be shared with clients.
Term
Differential Diagnosis
Definition
understanding all possibilities between all diagnosis, but there could be many different diagnosis. Process of determining a large set of options
Term
Theory
Definition
understanding all possibilities between all diagnosis, but there could be many different diagnosis. Process of determining a large set of options
Term
Vulnerability
Definition
understanding all possibilities between all diagnosis, but there could be many different diagnosis. Process of determining a large set of options
Term
Stress
Definition
§ Biological (onset of a disease, exposure to toxins)

§ Social (traumatic event, major loss)

§ Psychological (perceived loss of control, violation of trust)
Term
Diathesis Stress Model
Definition
Vulnerability + Stress = Disorder***
Term
Nature
Definition
biological/genetic
Term
Nurture
Definition
environmental
Term
3 main areas of biological theory
Definition
Brain Dysfunction/Structural Abnormalities
Biochemical Imbalances
Neurotransmitter
Endocrine/hormones
Genetic Abnormalities
Term
•3 potential meanings for psychoanalysis.
Definition
Theory, treatment, and process of investigating

His way of describing the mind
Way of investigating the mind
Treatment
Term
Family Systems Theory
Definition
Looking out for a family as a whole



The family is a complex system working to maintain homeostasis.

Psychological disorders of an individual are an indication of a dysfunctional family system.

Treatment implications: FAMILY Therapy
Term
Social Structural Theory
Definition
Look beyond family, to larger society for sources of psychopathology.
Large scale societal stressors (massive reorganization)
Chronically stressful circumstances (poverty)
Implicit & explicit rules
Term
Social Structure Theory
Treatment
Definition
Large scale prevention interventions

Ex. Tobacco Free Florida
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Focused on the tangible.
Things you can prove, disprove, etc
Argues associations, reinforcements & punishments produce normal and abnormal behavior.
Term
Thorndike
Definition
Operant Conditioning
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
the shaping of behaviors by providing rewards for desired behaviors & punishments for undesired behaviors
Term
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
pairing behaviors with reward/punishment every time.
Term
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
pairing reward/punishment only sometimes.
Term
Extinction
Definition
the elimination of a learned behavior
Term
Better to give the child a treat ________, than _____ ___ _____.
Definition
everyday

not at all
Term
Cognitions
Definition
thoughts & beliefs
Term
Albert Ellis & Aaron Beck
Definition
Most negative emotions & maladaptive behaviors are the result of one or more dysfunctional global assumptions.
Term
Albert Ellis & Aaron Beck
Thinking Errors
Definition
Should Statements
Dichotomous Thinking
Mind Reading (logical flaw)
Catastrophizing
Fortune Telling
Labeling
Term
Emotion-Focused Approaches
Definition
Combine Cognitive & Behavioral techniques with mindfulness practices.



examples:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy
Term
Mindfulness
Definition
how people can shift their mind/thoughts
Term
Dialectical
Definition
brand name for third wave
Term
Assessment
Definition
the process of gathering information about symptoms and causes of symptoms.
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
a label attached to a set of symptoms that tend to occur with one another. (syndrome)
Term
Appendix B
Definition
Criteria Sets for further study
Guides research, future editions.
Term
DSM 4 binge eating is in ______________ __
Definition
appendix B

and in DSM 5 binge eating will be in the big portion and no longer in the appendix
Term
Insurance Companies Love
Definition
Diagnosis required for the limited mental illness coverage available.
Term
5 Axes
Definition
I) Clinical Disorders
II) Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation
III) General Medical Conditions
IV) Psychosocial & Environmental Problems
V) Global Assessment of Functioning
Term
Global Assessment of function
Definition
how you are actually doing ( 0 – 100 )
Term
“Culture-Bound Syndromes”
Definition
Ataque de nervious (Latin American & Latin Mediterranean Countries)
Uncontrollable shouting, attacks of crying, trembling, heat in the chest rising into the head, verbal or physical aggression etc.

Koro (Malaysia, China, Thailand)
Episodes of sudden & intense anxiety that the penis (or vulva & nipples) will recede into the body and cause death.

Tajin Kyofusho (Japan)
Intense fear that one’s body displeases, embarrasses or is offensive to other people.
Alocentric concerns, shame on the family
Term
Anorexia, binge eating/purging
Definition
cultural bound syndromes but because they are US
Term
Categorical-
Definition
Either an apple or an orange.
Term
Continuous
Definition
ever changing, when is the apple no longer good to eat
Term
David Rosenhan’s Pseudopatient Experiment (1973)
Definition
Where people said they were mentally unstable and put themselves in an institution and once they were in the institution, they said there was nothing wrong
Term
Physiological & Neurological Factors
Definition
Physical Examination, Drugs, Cognitive functioning, Intellectual Ability
Term
Differential Diagnosis
Definition
A determination of which of several possible disorders is/are the most appropriate diagnosis.
Term
Sociocultural Factors
Definition
Social resources (logistics)
Sociocultural background (differential diagnosis)
Acculturation (therapy)
Term
Acculturation
Definition
how peoples expectations are going to influence their certain kind of treatments
Term
Test-retest reliability-
Definition
test produces similar results when give at two points in time
Ex. Average should be the same each semester
Term
Alternate Form Reliability
Definition
two versions of the same test produce similar results.
Ex. Like what we take in class
Term
Internal Reliability
Definition
different parts of the same test produce similar results
Term
Interrater Reliability
Definition
two or more raters of judges who administer and score a test come to a similar conclusion.
Term
Face Validity
Definition
test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
Term
Content Validity
Definition
test asses all important aspects of a phenomenon
Term
Predictive Validity
Definition
test predicts the behavior it is supposed to measure
Term
Concurrent Validity
Definition
test yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts or feelings
Term
Construct Validity
Definition
test measures what it is supposed to measure, not something else.
Term
diag
Definition
Term
Bender-Gestalt
Definition
rotating things, they have trouble imaging. Tumor or something else wrong
Term
Intelligence Tests
Definition
Strengths & weakness, diagnose MR & brain damage, classroom/organization placement
Term
IQ
Definition
68.3% average range of people IQ***
Stronger short term memory range in higher IQ
Brain damage, Mensa, MR- IQ tests are used for
IQ tests to rule out certain conditions

Any kind of adversity can cause depression
Term
BDI
Definition
Beck Depression Inventory

2 of the 21 items below:

Unhappiness
Do not feel unhappy
I feel unhappy
I am unhappy
I am so unhappy that I can’t stand it
2. Changes in Activity Levels
Term
Personality Inventories
Definition
AKA Minnesota Muliphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPO )
500+ true/false questions
Developed empirically
10 main clinical scales derived including paranoia, social introversion, anxiety etc
4 validity scales
Term
Projected Test
Definition
Roschach Inkblot Test-projected test that brings out subconscious matter (hesitant to reveal). Freudian way of what is going on inside your head.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The sentence competition test
Draw a person test
Term
Psychosexual Stages
Definition
Oral- 0-18ms excessive dependence mistrust; bad habits related to the mouth
Anal- 18-3 years type A, stubborn, orderly, controlling
Phallic- 3 -6 yrs Oedipus & Electra complexes, penis envy
Latent 6yrs-puberty hormones
Genital- puberty- adulthood
Term
Rationalization
Definition
inventing an acceptable motive to explain unacceptable
Term
Regression
Definition
retreating to a behavior of an earlier developmental age to prevent stress of satisfying current needs
Term
Superego
Definition
a later divergence of the ID, the storehouse of rules and regulations for conduct
Term
EGO
Definition
part of the ID (that splits off as we get older) that operates by the reality principle, seeking to gratify drives remaining consistent with societal rules
Term
ID
Definition
operates by the pleasure principle, to immediately satisfy drives
Term
Proband
Definition
first person to get the disorder
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