Details Title: Abnormal 2 - mood disorders Description: mood disorders Total Flash Cards: 41 Created: 03/22/2009 12:15:21		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Psychology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term         Depression: Symptoms Definition Emotional: sadness, anhedonia: even when they try to do something enjoyable, they feel no emotional reaction Physiological/behavioral:sleep, appetite, activity levels. anhedonia. early morning wakening. psychomotor retardation or agitation. Cognitive: worthlessness, guilt, hopelessness, suicide. rarely, delusions and hallucinations. Term          Anhedonia Definition trying to do fun things but find no pleasure in them Term         Major Depression: Diagnosis and comorbidity Definition Major Depression:  depressed mood or loss of interest in activities for more days than not for two weeks plus 4 other depression symptoms Over half of ppl. with this or dysthemia also have another psychological problem, namely substance abuse, eating disorer, anxiety disorder Term         Dysthemic Deppressive Disorder: Diagnosis Definition Dysthemic Disorder: less severe than major depression but more chronic depressed mood plus two other symptoms for two years, without exception of more than 2 months Term         Double Depression: Diagnosis and prevalence Definition Combo of major and dysthemic depression   chronically dysthemic with occasional spells of major depression   less likely to respond to treatments     Term         Subtypes of major depression Definition Depression with melancholic features:physiological symptoms are especially prominent Depression with psychotic features: experience delusions and hallucinations during major depressive episode. Depression with catonic features: range from complete lack of movement to excited agitation (catatonia) Depression with atypical features: positive mood toward some events, weight gain, heavy feelings in arms and legs, sensitivity to interpersonal rejection Depression with postpartum onset: 30% of women experience blues, but only 1 in 10 experience post partum depression that is really serious. Depression with a seasonal pattern: usually winter (Seasonal Affective Disorder: SAD). History of 2 years of symptoms Term         Depression: Prevalence Definition At some point, 16% of Americans experience major depressive episode 15-24 year olds at high risk, 45-54 year olds have low rates 2x more common among women, adults, minorities Study says depression wastes time in workplace (deficit of $44 billion a year in lost productivity) Term         Depression and adolescence: Prevalence Definition Major Depression: -Children: 3% -Adolescents: 8%   Dysthemic: -Children: 2% -Adolescents: 8%     Term         Childhood depression: Stress generation Model Definition symptoms of depression such as low motivation and problems in concentration   can affect kids in every domain of life   which leads to more stressors, such as strain on parents Term         Manic Episode: Definition and Diagnosis Definition Elevated, expansive (everything is perfect) or irritable mood – (at least once a week) At least three of the following (or 4, if irritable) Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity Decreased need for sleep (not tired) Talkativeness, pressured speech - they can’t talk fast enough, words pushing each other out of their mouth. Flight of ideas (jump from one topic to another) or racing thoughts (maybe has to do with pressured speech) Distractibility Hyperactivity or agitation Excessive involvement in pleasurable behavior with a high potential for painful consequences Term         Hypomanic Episode Definition "Manic Lite" Mood elevation for 4 days, not a whole week Not severe enough to cause impairment in functioning, but similar symptoms as manic Term         Mixed episode Definition Criteria are met for both manic episode and depressive episode, nearly every day, one-week period (down, but irritated) Term         Bipolar I Definition   At least one manic or mixed episode Often, but not always, at least one depressed episode Most recent episode descriptor Term         Bipolar II Definition   At least one depressed episode At least one hypomanic episode No manic episodes Often misdiagnosed as depression, but this can be bad because antidepressants can precipitate a full-blown manic episode Term         Bipolar: Prevalence Definition Video   -1% population -Hits in early adulthood Term         BPD: Treatment Definition Lithium   Anticonvulsants (Tegretol, Depakote, Lamictal-new) Term         Lithium Definition   Ends 70% of manic episodes and 40% of depressive episodes Stabilizes neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine) May prevent further occurrence of mania Can be toxic, damage liver (jaundice-when skin turns yellow) Some people feel like lithium dulls everything (mania feels so good…some say Van Gogh’s great paintings were made during manic episodes) Term         Anticonvulsants Definition   Used in treatment of BPD sometimes Affect several neurotransmitter systems Not entirely clear why they have mood stabilizing properties (but don’t know why) May not be as effective in prevention Teratogenic-cause birth defects during first trimester Term         Cyclothymic Disorder Definition Less severe than BPD I and BPD II Person alternates between hypomania and moderate depression chronically over at least two years. Term         Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder Definition If a personhad 4 or more cycles of mania and depression within a year Term       Mood Disorders: Genetic Theory Definition BPD 62-80% concordance among MZ twins (REALLY high), 14% among DZ Adoption studies suggest individual environment important, not shared environment. Likely multifactorial rather than s single gene being responsible Depression Higher concordance for MZ twins, especially among women Perhaps types of genes responsible for women and men are different Term         Mood disorders: Neurotransmitter Theory Definition Dysregulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors causes depression and mania. Most research on monamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine) Term         Mood disorders: Neurophysiological Abnormalities theory Definition Abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala Term         Mood disorders: Neuroendocrine Abnormalities theory Definition Depressed people show chronic hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena axis and slow return to baseline after a stressor, which affects the functioning of neurotransmitters Term         Peter Lewinson's  Behavioral Theory of Depression Definition Depressed people experience a reduction in positive reinforcers and an increase in aversive events, which leads to their depression   more common in people with bad social skills Term         Learned helplessness theory of Depression Definition (behavioral)   Depressed people lack control, which leads to the belief that they are helpless, which leads to depressive symptoms   learned helplessness deficits: low motivation, passivity, indecisiveness     Term         Aaron Beck's Theory of Depression Definition Depressed people have a negative cognitive triad of beliefs about the self, the world, and the future, which is maintained by distorted thinking   Negative Cognitive Triad: negative views of themselves, the world, the future   *very succesful theory* Term         Reformulated Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression Definition Depressed people tend to attribute events to internal, stable, and global factors, which contributes to depression   (causal attributions)   depressive realism: non-depressed people have a robust illusion that they can control all sorts of situations thaty truly are out of their control  *perhaps it is actually hope and optimism that causes people to become depressed  Term       Ruminative Response Styles Theory of Depression Definition depressed people tend to ruminate about their symptoms and causes Term         Psychodynamic theories of depression Definition introjected hostility theory - depressed people are unconsciously punishing themselves because they feel abandoned by another person but cannot punish that person   dependency and perfectionism are risk factors for depression Term       Interpersonal theories of depression Definition Depressed people have poor relationships with others   contingencies of self-worth - children are taught that love and support are conditional   excessive reassurance seeking - constantly looking for assurance from others that they are accepted and loved Term         9 Distortions in thinking in depression Definition All-or-nothing thinking (perfectionism) overgeneralization (negatives generalized to all of life) mental filter - filter out only negative info. disqualifying the positive jumping to conclusions magnification/minimization emotional reasoning - i feel it, so it must be true "should" statements labeling and mislabeling - extreme form of overgeneralization (attaching error to self or other-I am a loser, she is mean) personalization - see self as cause of negative external event Term         Cohort effect in Depression Definition Recent generations at higher risk   people with lower SES have higher rates of depression   less industrialized countries may have lower rates of depression...maybe depression and mania differ across all cultures Term         Mood Disorders: Electroconvulsive Therapy Definition (ECT) apply electrical current to the brain   may increase permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cause release of neurotransmitters, stimulate the hypothalamus, increase sensitivity to receptors   ·         Shock of about 70 to 130 volts o   Delivered unilaterally (Right side of the brain to reduce memory loss) o   Thought to increase norepinephrine and serotonin o   9-12 sessions ·         Side effect: memory dysfunction o   Generally returns fully o   Lessened if on side less related to language Term         Mood disorders: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation Definition expose patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulsed focused on particular brain structures;   may change functioning of neurotransmitters Term       Mood disorders: Vagus nerve stimulation Definition Stimulate by a small, electronic device much like a cardiac pace-maker, which is surgically implanted under a patient's skin in the left chest wall;   may increase activity in the hypothalamus and amygdala Term       Mood disorders: Light therapy Definition esp good for SAD   expose individual to bright light, may "reset" circadian rhythms Term         Behavior therapies of depression Definition increase postive reinforcers and decrease aversive events by teaching the person new skills for managing interpersonal situations and the environment and engaging in pleasant activities    3 steps: change environment teach skills for changing negative circumstances (esp social)  teach mood-management skills Term       Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression Definition challenges distorted thinking and helps the person learn more adaptive ways of thinking and new behavioral skills   very effective   (write down event, emotion, automatic thoughts) Term         interpersonal therapy for depression (4 types of problems) Definition helps the person change dysfunctional relationship patterns   4 types of problems grief/loss: accept feelings and invest in new relationships interpersonal role disputes: help client make decisions and learn better ways to communicate role transitions - help client develop more realistic perspectives toward roles that are lost and regard new roles in more positive manner interpersonal skills deficit: review past relationships and how they might affect current ones, directly teach skills such as assertiveness Term         Psychodynamic therapy of depression Definition helps the person gain insight into unconscious hostility and fears of abandonment to facilitate change in self-concept and behaviors