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abdominal viscera
abdominal viscera
127
Anatomy
Graduate
09/22/2011

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Term
what is the endodermal tube?
Definition
primitive gut in early embryo that gives rise to foregut, midgut, hindgut
Term
which organs arise from the foregut?
Definition
distal esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and 1/2 of duodenum
Term
what organs arise from midgut?
Definition
1/2 of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending, and transverse colon
Term
what organs arise from hindgut?
Definition
descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
which artery supplies the foregut?
Definition
celiac artery
Term
which artery supplies the midgut?
Definition
superior mesenteric artery
Term
which artery supplies the hindgut?
Definition
inferior mesenteric artery
Term
what is the path of the celiac and sup/inf mesenteric arteries?
Definition
arise from aorta, travel through mesenteries to reach organs
Term
esophagus conveys food from where to where?
Definition
pharynx to stomach
Term
how does esophagus go through diaphragm
Definition
through esophogeal hiatus with vagus nerve at T10
Term
what are the muscles of the esophagus?
Definition
internal circular and external longitudinal muscular layers
Term
where is stomach located in relation to other organs?
Definition
between esophagus and small intestines
Term
what happens in stomach?
Definition
gastric juices degrade food into liquid chyme; pepsinogen and lipase (digestive enzymes) produced
Term
what is stomach derived from and what is it vascularized by?
Definition
foregut, celiac artery
Term
what is the name of the part of the stomach that meets the esophagus?
Definition
cardiac portion
Term
what is the name of the most superior part of the stomach?
Definition
fundus
Term
what is the name of the middle, large part of the stomach?
Definition
body
Term
what is the name of the part of the stomach that meets the duodenum
Definition
pyloric antrum then pyloric canal then pyloric sphincter
Term
what is the pylorus
Definition
strong sphincter muscle between stomach and duodenum
Term
what is pyloric stenosis
Definition
when pylorus is stuck closed in newborns; must be fixed surgically
Term
what is the name of the muscle layer of stomach at greater and lesser curvatures?
Definition
outer longitudinal muscle layer of stomach
Term
what is the name of the muscle layer in middle of stomach?
Definition
middle circular muscle layer of stomach
Term
what is the name of the outermost muscle of the duodenum?
Definition
longitudinal muscle of the duodenum
Term
what is the name of the gastric folds inside the stomach?
Definition
rugae
Term
what is the parasympathetic innervation to the esophagus and stomach?
Definition
vagus nerve (CN X)
Term
what does the vagus nerve do for the esophagus and stomach?
Definition
increase peristalsis and digestive processes
Term
what is the sympathetic innervation to the esophagus and stomach?
Definition
greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9) and lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-11)
Term
what is the largest lymphatic organ?
Definition
spleen
Term
where is the pancreas?
Definition
upper left quadrant, near tail of pancreas
Term
what are the functions of the spleen?
Definition
filters blood, stores RBC's, phagocytosis of old RBC, antibody production, T&B lymphocyte proliferation
Term
what vascularizes the spleen
Definition
foregut so celiac artery
Term
where is the liver?
Definition
inferior to diaphgram in upper right quadrant
Term
what does the liver do?
Definition
stores glycogen, drug and alcohol detoxification, produces and secretes bile, gluconeogenesis (conversion of amino acids and lipids into glucose), bilirubin metabolism
Term
what is bilirubin
Definition
product of RBC breakdown
Term
liver is a derivative of what part of endodermal tube?
Definition
foregut
Term
what vascularizes the liver?
Definition
celiac arter = proper hepatic artery
Term
what separates the left and right lobes of the liver?
Definition
falciform ligament
Term
falciform ligament divides into which 2 ligaments on superior/anterior sides of liver?
Definition
coronary ligaments
Term
what is the porta hepatis?
Definition
hilum of liver, where structures enter or leave, on visceral/inferior surface
Term
where is quadrate lobe?
Definition
anterior, inferior side of liver
Term
where is caudate lob?
Definition
posterior, inferior side of liver
Term
how is cirrhosis characterized/what happens to the liver in cirrhosis?
Definition
parenchyma of liver is replaced by fibrosis (scar tissue) and nodules leading to loss of function
Term
what causes cirrhosis?
Definition
alcoholism, hepatitis b, hepatitis c
Term
what is ascites?
Definition
fluid retention in the abdominal cavity
Term
what is the most common complication of cirrhosis?
Definition
ascites
Term
what are other life-threatening complications of cirrhosis?
Definition
encephalopathy and bleeding from esophageal varices
Term
what are esophageal varices
Definition
enlarged esophageal veins due to slowed blood flow through liver and blood back-up in esophagus
Term
what is encephalopathy
Definition
confusion and coma due to increased ammonia from decreased liver function
Term
what is the treatment for advanced cirrhosis?
Definition
liver transplant
Term
how common is cirrhosis?
Definition
10th leading cause of death for men and 12th leading cause of death for women in US
Term
what is the function of the gall bladder?
Definition
receives, concentrates, stores bile, releases it into duodenum
Term
what does bile do?
Definition
emulsifies fat and distributes it to intestines for further digestion and absorption
Term
what are hepatocytes?
Definition
liver cells
Term
what do hepatocytes secrete?
Definition
bile
Term
what is the path of bile?
Definition
flows into left and right hepatic ducts in the liver, left and right hepatic ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct, cystic duct from gall bladder unites with common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, common bile duct conveys bile to duodenum
Term
gall bladder is a derivative of what endodermic segment?
Definition
foregut
Term
what vascularizes the gall bladder
Definition
celiac artery
Term
what are gall stones?
Definition
pebble- like deposits that form in gall bladder
Term
what are the 2 types of gall stones?
Definition
cholesterol stones, pigmented stonees
Term
describe cholesterol gall stones
Definition
usually green but can be white/yellow
Term
describe pigmented gall stones
Definition
formed from bile salts and calcium, dark
Term
what is biliary colic?
Definition
pain felt when a gallstone blocks cystic duct or common bile duct
Term
how are gall bladders typically removed/
Definition
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Term
gall stones are more common in which populations?
Definition
women, native americans, people over 40
Term
what endoderm is the duodenum derived from?
Definition
foregut and midgut
Term
what endoderm is the jejunum derived from?
Definition
midgut
Term
what endoderm is the ileum derived from?
Definition
midgut
Term
what is the duodenum and how long is it?
Definition
1st portion of small intestine, about 10-12 inches long
Term
what is the shape of the duodenum and what does it course around?
Definition
C shaped, courses around head of pancreas
Term
what is the dudenojejunal junction?
Definition
junction between duodenum and jejunum
Term
what is jejunum and where is it?
Definition
2nd portion of small intestines, in left upper quadrant, begins at duodenojejunal junction
Term
what is the ileum and where is it?
Definition
3rd portion of small intestines, in lower right quadrant
Term
how are jejunum and ileum connected to posterior abdominal wall?
Definition
large mesentery which contains blood vessels, lymph nodes, and autonomic nerves
Term
describe jejunum's location, mucosal folds, and vasa rectae
Definition
left upper quadrant, many circular mucosal folds, relatively long vasa rectae (straight arteries)
Term
describe ileum's location, mucosa, and vasa rectae
Definition
right lower quadrant, peyer's patches (lymphoid tissue) found in mucosa, relatively short vasa rectae
Term
what is the parasympathetic innervation to the intestines?
Definition
vagus nerve (CN X)
Term
what does the vagus nerve do for the intestines?
Definition
increases motility and promotes digestion
Term
what is the sympathetic innervation to the intestines?
Definition
greater splanchnic nerves (T5-T9) and lesser splanchnic nerves (T10-11)
Term
what do the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves do for the intestines?
Definition
inhibit digestion
Term
what is chron's disease?
Definition
an inflammatory bowel disease that causes swelling and inflammation in the intestines
Term
where can chron's disease affect the GI tract?
Definition
anywhere from esophagus to anus
Term
where does chron's disease usually affect the GI tract
Definition
distal ileum/cecum
Term
why is chron's disease difficult to diagnose?
Definition
its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders
Term
what is the difference between ulcerative colitis and chron's disease?
Definition
in ulcerative colitis, there are ulcers and inflammation in the top layer of the large intestine; in chron's disease, all layers may be involved and there may be healthy portions between the diseased portions
Term
what are symptoms of chron's disease?
Definition
lower right abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding
Term
how is chron's disease treated?
Definition
medication (steroids), nutrional support, surgical removal of bowel
Term
which accessory digestive gland is located posterior to the stomach?
Definition
pancreas
Term
what are the 4 regions of the pancreas?
Definition
head, neck, body, tail
Term
how is the pancreas an endocrine gland?
Definition
produces insulin and glucagon which enter blood to regulate sugar levels
Term
how is the pancreas an exocrine gland?
Definition
produces digestive enzymes that enter duodenum via pancreatic duct and assist in digestion
Term
which 4 digestive enzymes does the pancreas make?
Definition
peptidase, lipase, amylase, trypsin
Term
what feature of pancreas goes all the way through it from tail to head?
Definition
main pancreatic duct
Term
what are accessory pancreatic ducts?
Definition
extra pancreatic ducts that drain uncinate process into main pancreatic duct
Term
what is the uncinate process
Definition
little process off the bottom part of the head/neck of pancreas
Term
what is the ultimate path of the main pancreatic duct?
Definition
unites with common bile duct and enters duodenum at major duodenal papilla, a little hole into the duodenum
Term
which parts of colon are derived from midgut?
Definition
ascending and transverse
Term
which parts of colon are derived from hindgut?
Definition
descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal
Term
what does the large intestines consist of?
Definition
cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
what are the functions of the large intestines?
Definition
absorption of electrolytes and fluid; formation of feces
Term
what are the teniae coli?
Definition
three linear bands of muscle on external intestine
Term
what are haustra?
Definition
colon sacks
Term
what are omental appendices?
Definition
small fatty projections along surface of colon with unknown function
Term
what is the iliocecal valve?
Definition
junction of ilium and cecum
Term
how does colon cancer begin?
Definition
polyps in colon
Term
what are symptoms of colon cancer?
Definition
rectal bleeding or blood in stool, unexplained weight loss
Term
what are the 2 ligaments of the lesser omentum?
Definition
hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal
Term
what important structures are in the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum?
Definition
portal triad = proper hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct
Term
what does the proper hepatic artery do?
Definition
carries oxygenated blood from aorta (celiac) to liver where it divides into left and right branches to vascularize the left and right lobes
Term
what does the common bile duct do?
Definition
carries bile to duodenum
Term
what does the portal vein do?
Definition
carries poorly oxygenated but nutrient rich venous blood from GI tract into liver; divides into left and right branches to supply left and right liver lobes
Term
what vascularizes foregut structures?
Definition
celiac arter
Term
what vascularizes midgut structures?
Definition
superior mesenteric artery
Term
what vascularizes hindgut structures?
Definition
inferior mesenteric artery
Term
where does celiac artery arise from aorta?
Definition
inferior to diaphragm around T12
Term
what does the celiac artery vascularize?
Definition
distal esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and 1/2 of duodenum
Term
where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from aorta?
Definition
behind neck of pancreas around L1
Term
where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from the aorta?
Definition
around L3
Term
describe the portal venous system
Definition
veins from GI organs coalesce and carry nutrient rich blood to liver before going to inferior vena cava to heart
Term
which organs contribute to the portal venous system?
Definition
stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, large and small intestines, spleen
Term
what are the 4 veins that flow into the portal vein?
Definition
superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, gastric vein
Term
do the veins that go to portal vein have valves?
Definition
no
Term
what is portal hypertension?
Definition
back up of blood in portal venous system due to liver disease, possible because portal veins do not have valves
Term
what happens if portal hypertension occurs?
Definition
portal veins anastomose with other veins to find alternate routes to the heart: esophageal veins, rectal veins, umbilical veins, retroperitoneal veins
Term
what can happen to alternate routes for portal evins with portal hypertension?
Definition
alternate routes can become engorged or varicosed, and if they rupture can cause death from bleeding
Term
what happens when rectal veins engorge?
Definition
internal hemorrhoids
Term
what happens when umbilical veins engorge?
Definition
caput medusa at belly button
Term
what happens when the esophageal veins become engorged
Definition
can bleed out
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