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A.Shaker Endocrine System Quiz 1
Semester 2
103
Nursing
Professional
01/25/2015

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Term
What is the endocrine system?
Definition
Slow and sustained organization and control
Term
What are endocrine glands?
Definition
Ductless glands

They secrete hormone direct into the bloodstream
Term
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Definition
Growth and Maturation
Metabolism
Reproduction
Term
What are hormones?
Definition
Chemicals secreted into the bloodstream which regulate the activities of body systems and tissues

Target organ /tissue
Term
What are the classification of hormones?
Definition
Protein: Amino acids
digested in stomach

Steroids based on cholesterol
Term
Most protein hormones cannot be administered
Definition
PO
Term
Where are most protein hormones digested?
Definition
In the stomach
Term
Where does fat(cholesterol) get absorbed?
Definition
In the small intestine
Term
Steroid hormones are all based on what molecule?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What are biorhythms?
Definition
Natural cycle for secretion of the hormone
Term
What is a daily cycle?
Definition
Circadian rhythm
Term
When is cortasol secreted?
Definition
Early in the morning
Term
When is melatonin secreted?
Definition
Dark outside
Term
Most hormones are regulated by?
Definition
Negative feedback 99.9%
Term
What is negative feedback?
Definition
Production of the hormone or the effect of hormone production causes a decrease in its secretion
Term
What is positive feedback?
Definition
Production of the hormone or the effect of hormone causes an increase of its secretion
Term
An example of positive feedback is?
Definition
Childbirth (it has an endpoint)
Term
An example of negative feedback is?
Definition
Regulation of blood sugar in humans - When blood sugar rises, insulin sends a signal to the liver, muscles and other cells to store the excess glucose. Some is stored as body fat and other is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Term
What is pitojin?
Definition
Admin via infusion pump-flow ate go away for an hour comeback and increase rate

Augment labor
Term
Another example of positive feedback is?
Definition
A bloodclot (positive feedback has an end)
Term
What hormone regulates Basal Metabolic Rate?
Definition
Thyroid hormone
Term
What is the master gland?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
Activity of the pituitary gland is regulated by the?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
The pituitary gland is located in the
Definition
Sphenoid bone
Term
The sphenoid bone forms?
Definition
Part of the floor of the cranium
Term
The pituitary gland is attach to the hypothalamus by?
Definition
A stalk called the infundibulum
Term
The two lobes of the pituitary are distinct and called?
Definition
The anterior lobe and posterior lobe
Term
Growth hormone is?
Definition
Anterior pituitary gland
GH
Acts on most body tissues

Causes growth in height prior to closure of the epiphyseal discs

Has a major role in metabolism

Stimulates protein synthesis

Is needed for tissue repair

Overproduction gigantism or acromegaly
Underproduction dwarfism
Term
Thyroid Stimulating hormone is?
Definition
Anterior pituitary gland
TSH

Target tissue: Thyroid gland
Effect: Secretion of thyroid hormones
Term
Andrenocorticotropic hormone is?
Definition
Anterior pituitary gland
ACTH

Target tissue: Adrenal cortex
Effect: Secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
Term
Prolactin is?
Definition
Anterior pituitary gland
PRL

Target organ: Mammary glands
Effect: Milk production post partum
Term
Follicle stimulating hormone is?
Definition
Anterior pituitary gland
FSH

Target organ: Ovaries/testes
Effect: Development of ova/sperm cells
Term
What are the Gonadotropin-releasing hormones?
Definition
FSH and LH
Anterior pituitary gland
Term
Luteinizing hormone is?
Definition
Anterior pituitary gland
LH

Target organ: Ovaries
Effect: Ovulation
Term
LH (interstitial stimulating hormone)
Definition
Target organ: Testes
Effect: Testosterone secretion
Term
Antidiuretic hormone is?
Definition
Posterior pituitary gland
ADH (Vasopressin)

Target organ: Kidneys
Effect: Reabsorption of water by the kidney tubiles from the forming urine

High concentrations cause vasoconstriction

Hyposecretion: diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion: SIADH
Term
Oxytocin is a?
Definition
Posterior pituitary gland

Target organ: uterus and breasts
Effect: Uterine contractions and milk ejection

Oxytocin production is controlled by a positive feedback loop
Term
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Definition
In the neck just under the larynx

It has two lobes(butterfly)
Term
The thyroid gland produces what hormones?
Definition
Thyroxin(T4)
Triiodothyronine(T3)
Calcitonin
Term
What regulates BMR?
Definition
Thyroxine T4

Triidothyronine T3
Term
What is necessary for making T3 and T4?
Definition
Iodine

Hypothyroidism on low if not enough metabolic support
Term
What is Cretenism?
Definition
Survive mental retardation in infants and children
Term
What is hypothyroid Goiter?
Definition
Cold and tolerant
lethargic
Going to have bradycardia set on low...too low = coma
Term
What is graves disease?
Definition
Increased metabolic rate
tachycardia

Looks almost manic
hard to stay bedded
Term
What is the treatment of hypothyroidism?
Definition
Give hormone
Destroy or remove part of gland and replace
Term
What is calcitonin?
Definition
Take calcium from bloodstream and deposit into bone

target organ: Bone
Term
Resorption is?
Definition
Body dissolves the bone
Term
Giving calcium so it goes up is a supplement to prevent?
Definition
Osteoporosis
Term
Caclitonin does what to the blood calcium concentration?
Definition
Decreases
Term
What is the parathyroid gland?
Definition
PTH

Four pea sized glands located on the back of the thyroid
Term
What is the antagonist of calcitonin?
Definition
Parathyroid hormone
Term
The parathyroid gland increases blood calcium concentration by
Definition
Promoting bone resorption
Increasing absorption of Ca from food
Decreases Ca excretion by the kidneys
Term
What is the adrenal glands?
Definition
Pyramid shaped glands located one on top of each kidney(suprarenal)
Term
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
Definition
The medulla and the cortex
Term
Hormonal secretions (catecholamines) are produced in response to?
Definition
sympathetic impulses from the nervous systems(hypothalamus)
Term
What hormone from the anterior pituitary gland affects the adrenal cortex? REGULATES
Definition
ACTH
Term
Epinephrine and Nor epinephrine does what to cardiac contractions?
Definition
Increases rate and force
Term
Epinephrine and Nor epinephrine does what to the bronchi and what to peristalsis and promotes what in the liver?
Definition
Dilates the bronchi

Decreases peristalsis

Promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Term
Sympathetic nervous system controls?
Definition
Fight or flight
Term
Vasodilation is?
Definition
Nothing else is relevant to you. You will die in your mind
Term
During fight or flight what system responds first and what follows if it continues
Definition
CNS followed by endocrine response if it continues
Term
What are Glucocorticoids? (Cortisol)
Definition
One of three types of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex Secreted during times of stress

Increase use of fat and amino acids for energy

Raose blood glucose levels

Increase the blood levels of fatty acids and amino acids

Anti inflammatory
Term
What are mineralcorticoids? (Aldosterone)
Definition
One of three types of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex

Water follow the salt. Sodium is the most important electrolyte.

Target organ: Kidney

Promotes excretion of K

important in fluid electrolyte and pH balance
Term
What is Renin?
Definition
A mechanism B/P too low can't profuse our organs.

Fixes hypotension
Term
What does renin activate?
Definition
Angiotensin 1,2 helps to make Aldosterone
Term
What are the sex hormones of the adrenal cortex
Definition
Androgen for males
Estrogen for females
Term
What is Addisons disease? (adrenal cortex)
Definition
Hyposecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex

Too much sodium in the Urine
Term
The pancreas is both
Definition
an exocrine and endocrine gland
Term
Alpha cells make? (pancreas)
Definition
Glucagon
Term
Beta cells make? (pancreas)
Definition
Insulin
Term
Aldosterone is? (aldrenal cortex)
Definition
Hypersecretion of Na
K retention
Sever dehydration
Low blood volume
Low BP
Term
Cortisol is? (aldrenal cortex)
Definition
Hypoglycemia
Muscle weakness
Inability to resist
Physiological stress
Term
What is cushings syndrome of the adrenal cortex?
Definition
Hypersecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex

Cortisol: Hyperglycemia, fat deposition in the trunk, moon face, buffalo hump, thin fragile skin, fragile bones, and muscle weakness
Term
Where does the endocrine functions of the pancreas take place?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans
Term
What does insulin do to facilitate?
Definition
It facilitates the diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane
Term
Insulin does what to blood glucose levels?
Definition
Lower
Term
Insulin helps cells to ensure they have glucose to
Definition
metabolize for energy
Term
Insulin does what to glucose uptake by the liver and conversion of glucose to glycogen?
Definition
Increases
Term
What are the characteristics of Glucagon?
Definition
Causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

Increases the blood glucose levels

Increase the rate of conversion of amino acids to glucose
Term
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a?
Definition
Disease of secretion

No insulin secretion or insufficient insulin secretion
Term
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a?
Definition
Disease of respone

The response of the cells to insulin diminishes

Both types are marked by hyperglycemia
Term
What are the testes?
Definition
Located in the scrotal sac. The interstitial cells produce testosterone
Term
What is testosterone?
Definition
A sex hormone

Promotes maturation of sperm cells and the development of secondary sex characteristics
Term
Where are ovaries located?
Definition
In the pelvic cavity
Term
Estrogen is?
Definition
Maturation of the ovum

Growth of the endometrium in preparation for possible implantation

Development of secondary sex characteristics
Term
What is progesterone?
Definition
Promotes growth of the endometrium
Term
What is the pineal gland?
Definition
Located in the brain(diencephalon)

Its function is very sensitive to light conditions
Term
What is Polyuria?
Definition
Excess glucose increases osmotic pressure of blood. Water moves cell to bloodstream kidney wants to get rid of it
Term
What is polydipsia?
Definition
Osmotic pressure up makes you thirsty
Term
What is polyphagia?
Definition
Starving cells
Term
In type 1 diabetes the beta cells are?
Definition
Destroyed
Term
The pineal gland secretes?
Definition
Melatonin (darkness)

Seratonin (light)
Term
What is Melatonin?
Definition
Stimulates the onset of sleep and increases its duration(follows a daily cycle) Darkness
Term
What is Seratonin?
Definition
Helps with regulation of mood and more is produced in light
Term
Where is the thymus gland?
Definition
Located in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum
Term
The thymus gland is what size in the fetus and children?
Definition
Large and shrinks with age
Term
What does the thymus gland secrete?
Definition
Secretes thymosin which promotes proliferation and maturation of T lymphocytes
Term
The kidney is located
Definition
Dorsally in the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
Renin is produced in response to
Definition
Low BP

Converts angiotensin to angio tensin 1

Part of the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism
Term
What is erthropoietin? (kidney)
Definition
Produced in respone to tissue hypoxia
Promotes erthropoeisis
Term
What is the placenta?
Definition
Temporary secretory organ
Term
What does the placenta secrete?
Definition
estrogen and progesterone which maintain the pregnancy
Term
What are prostaglandins?
Definition
Produced by most tissues and exert local effects. There are many different types of prostaglandins. They are involved in:

Inflammation
Vasoconstriction
Reproduction
Blood clotting
Pain
Vasodilation
Utherine contractions
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