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A&P Test 1
Wheeee
38
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/08/2012

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Cards

Term
What is an ionic bond
Definition
Electrostatic attraction between 2 oppositely charge ions
Term
What is a covalent bond?
Definition
Sharing of a pair of electrons in order to complete unfulfilled energy orbits
Term
What is a hydrogen bond?
Definition
Electrostatic attraction between two polar molecules
Term
What is the driving force for chemical reactions?
Definition
The desire of electrons to fill their energy orbits
Term
What is electro negativity?
Definition
The ability of an atom to attract additional electrons
Term
Why are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium called electrolytes?
Definition
In the tissues, these atoms exist as ions. When charged particles move, they create an electric current
Term
What is an ion?
Definition
An atom that has gained or lost an electron.
Term
What is an isomer?
Definition
Molecules that have the same formula but different structures
Term
What is an isotope?
Definition
Forms of the same atom, differing in their numbers of neutrons
Term
What is a polar molecule?
Definition
A covalently bonded molecule with unequal sharing of the pair of electrons, creating small positive and negative charges at opposite ends of the molecule.
Term
What is hydrophilic?
Definition
Dissolves in water, has charge on the molecule that will react with the polar water molecules
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
Does not dissolve in water, no surface charges that can react with the water molecules.
Term
What properties of water are the result of hydrogen bonding?
Definition
Heat buffering, decreasing density when going from liquid to solid, cohesion or surface tension, adhesion or coating ability
Term
What is one molar solution?
Definition
One molecular weight of a solute in grams dissolved in one liter of water
Term
What are acids and bases?
Definition
Acids are molecules that give up a hydrogen ion in solution

Bases are molecules that give up an ion that will neutralize a hydrogen ion
Term
How do acids and bases interact?
Definition
Acids and bases react to produce neutral solutions
Term
Describe synthesis
Definition
Forms bonds
Term
Describe decomposition
Definition
Breaks bonds
Term
Dehydration
Definition
Forms bonds by removing a water molecule from the substrates
Term
Describe hydrolysis
Definition
Breaks bonds by adding the ions of water to the products
Term
Describe exergonic
Definition
Releases energy
Term
Enderginic
Definition
Requires energy
Term
What is the energy of activation
Definition
The energy used to initiate exergonic reactions, caused by the random collision of molecules
Term
What do all organic molecules have in common
Definition
Carbon
Term
Why can fats produce more energy then sugar
Definition
More C-H bonds
Term
What are the 4 types of organic molecules
Definition
Carbohydrates-monosaccharide
Lipids-fatty acids
Term
What are the characteristics of an enzyme?
Definition
Specific: only does one reaction
Doesn't change in the reaction, lowers the energy of activation
Term
What is DNA?
Definition
Double strand, sugar is deoxyribose, found only in the nucleus, uses thymine instead of uracil.
Term
What is RNA?
Definition
Single strang, sugar is ribose, found all over the cell, uses uracil instead of thyamin
Term
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
Definition
Sugar-base-phosphate
Term
What make up hand rails and steps of the DNA ladder?
Definition
Handrails: sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate

Steps: complementary bases hydrogen bonded together
Term
What are the components of the cell membrane?
Definition
Phosolipid bi layer with cholesterol molecules, cytoskeletal supports, transmembrane proteins, extrinsic and intrinsic proteins
Term
What is a glycolax?
Definition
A layer of glycoproteins secreted by the cell and found covering the external surface of the cell membrane
Term
How does the receptor-second messenger system work?
Definition
Binding of chemicals to external receptors causes them to change the shape of their internal portion which causes changes inside the cell
Term
3 types of gated proteins
Ligand gated
Definition
Channels that open when a chemical binds to them
Term
3 types of gated proteins
Voltage gated
Definition
Channels that open when the voltage of the cell changes
Term
3 types of proteins
Mechanical gated
Definition
Channels that open when they are directly moved
Term
What do membrane enzymes do?
Definition
Break down molecules that come in contact with the external cell membrane
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