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A&P - Skeletal System Basics
BIO-105 Functions, Histology, Types, Growth &etc.
28
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/25/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 



Functions

Definition

 

1) Support/Movement

2) Protection

3) Storage of inorganic (mineral) salts

4) Hemopoiesis of all types of blood cells

^-------Through red bone marrow.

Term

 

 

 

Histology of Compact Bone Tissue

Definition


Matrix of tightly-packed osteons.

Osteons composed of concentric rings of bone matrix.  Concentric rings are called lamellae.

Osteocytes are in lacunae between lamellae.

Canaliculi are tiny canals which communicate between osteocytes and Osteonic Canals, which run through each osteon and contain blood and lymph vessels.

 

Term

 

 

Histology of Cancellous (Spongy) Bone Tissue

Definition

Matrix consists of Trabeculae (bone bridges).

Spaces between the trabeculae are filled with myeloid tissue (red bone marrow.)

Term

 

 

Dense Bone Tissue

Definition

 

 

Matrix consists of thin, flat sheets of bone tissue.

Located on the very outer surfaces of bone.

Term

 


General Types of Bones

Definition

 

Long Bones

Short Bones

Irregular Bones

Flat Bones

Sesamoid Bones

Term

 

 

Long Bones

Definition

Most complex anatomy.


Diaphysis(shaft) composed of compact bone tissue.  Contains Medullary Cavity filled with yellow bone marrow.  Covered by fibrous tissue called the Periosteum.

Epiphyses - ends composed of spongy bone tissue containing red bone marrow.

Epiphyses are covered with articular cartilage.

Term

 

 

Short Bones 

(Examples)

Definition

 

 

Carpals, Tarsals

Term

 

 

Irregular Bones

(Examples)

Definition

 

 

 

Vertebrae (Atlas, Axis)

Term

 

 

Flat Bones

(Examples)

Definition

 

 

Cranial bones, sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis

Term

 

 

Sesamoid Bones

Definition

 

Found in tendons for support.

 

EX: Patellae (kneecaps) in patellar tendons.

Term

 

 

Bone Development/Growth Overview

Definition

Bone Development takes 25-26 years.

Pre-bone tissues develop in the embryo by the 6-8th week.

Hyaline Cartilages ossify by endochondral ossification.

Fibrous membranes ossify by intramembranous ossification.

Term

 

 

Bone Development Cells

Definition

Osteoblasts produce bone tissue matrix.  Osteocytes are mature, inactive Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts are giant sized cells which resorb(dissolve) bone matrix to form spongy bone tissue and medullary cavities, shaping the bones.

(Ossification is not complete at birth. Fontanels ("soft spots") on the cranium illustrate this on the heads of infants.)

Term

 

 

SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT

HORMONES

Definition

STHGrowth Hormone - Stimulates growth of epiphyseal cartilages (plates).

Thyroxin & PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Both stimulate osteoclast activity. (Resorption)

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity.


Estrogen stimulates rapid skeletal growth; widens pelvis; inhibits osteoperosis.

Testosterone stimulates thickening of long bones.

Term

 

 

STH

Definition

 




Growth Hormone - Stimulates growth of epiphyseal cartilages (plates).

 

 

Term





Thyroxin & PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Definition





Both stimulate osteoclast activity. (Resorption)

Term

 

 

Calcitonin

Definition





Inhibits osteoclast activity.

Term

 

 

 

Estrogen

Definition




Stimulates rapid skeletal growth; widens pelvis; inhibits osteoperosis.

Term

 

 

Testosterone

Definition

 

 

Stimulates thickening of long bones.

Term

 

 

Fracture Healing

(Steps - Taking the bone from softer to harder)

Definition

1) Hematoma forms at fracture site.

2) Hematoma replaced by Dense White Fibrous connective tissue.

3) DWF tissue replaced by Fibrocartilage tissue.

4) Fibrocartilage tissue replaced by bone tissue.

 

Term

 

 

Osteoporosis

Definition

 

 

 

Bone matrix resorption; weakening

Term

 

 

Osteomyelitis

Definition

 

 

Bone infections.

Term

 

 

Kyphosis

(Vertebral Curvature Abnormality)

Definition

 

 

Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic vertebrae. (Hunchback)

Term

 

 

Lordosis

(Vertebral Curvature Abnormality)

Definition

 

 

Exaggerated anterior

Term

 

 

Scoliosis

(Vertebral Curvature Abnormality)

Definition

 

 

 

Lateral curvature of the vertebral column.

Term

 

 

Synarthroses

Definition

 

 

Immovable, fibrous joints

EX: Cranial sutures, sacrum, pelvis.

Term

 

 

Amphiarthroses

Definition

 

 

Slightly movable joints

EX: Articulating vertebrae (spine, etc.)

Cartilagenous (cartilage) joints, bound by ligaments and padded with cartilage. 

Term

 

 

Diarthroses

Definition

Freely movable joints

EX: Many

Most complex design

Articulating cartilages, menisci, ligaments, synovial membranes.

 

Synovial Joints

Term

 


Vitamins

A

C

D

Definition

A - Increases osteoclast activity

 

C - Stimulates osteoblasts to produce collagen protein for bone strength. (NOT HARDNESS)

 

D - Stimulates calcification (Deposition of calcium salts in bones for hardness.)

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