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A&P Exam 3
Cards
48
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/22/2016

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Term
Skeletal System Fxn's
Definition
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood Cell Production.
Term
Cartilage Types in Skeletal System
Definition
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic.
Term
Skeletal Matrix Cells
Definition
Chondroblasts - Create matrix.
Chondrocytes - Maintain matrix.
Term
Perichondrium
Definition
Double-layer C.T. sheath. Covers Cartilage except at articulations.
Term
Hyaline Cartilage Growth
Definition
Appositional - New chondrocytes and new matrix at the periphery.

Interstitial - Chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the cells.
Term
Bone Shapes and Examples
Definition
Long - Femur, Humerus.
Short - Carpals, Philanges.
Flat - Sternum, Scapula.
Irregular - Vertebrae, Facial.
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Shaft of Long Bone - Made of Compact Bone.
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
End of Bones - Cancellous Bone.
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
Growth Plate - Made of Hyaline Cartilage, present until growth stops.
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
Bone Stops Growing in Length. It is the remainder of the epiphyseal Plate.
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition
Central Cavity of a Bone Shaft. Is red marrow in children, turns to yellow marrow in limb bones and skull, Rest of Skeleton is Red.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Outer layer of bone, double layered membrane. Inner layer is single bone cells which are osteogenic, Outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue. Fibers of tendons become continuous with fibers of periosteum.
Term
Sharpeys Fibers
Definition
Some periosteal fibers penetrate through the periosteum into the bone. These strengthen the attachment from tendon to bone.
Term
Woven Bone
Definition
Collagen fibers randomly oriented. Found during Fetal Development and during fracture repair.
Term
Lamellar Bone
Definition
Mature Bone in Sheets called lamellae. Fibers run in same direction per layer, but different layers run different directions.
Term
Cancellous Bone
Definition
Trabeculae - Interconnecting rods or plates of bone. Like scaffolding. Spaces are filled with marrow.
Term
Bone Matrix Composition
Definition
Organic - Collagen and proteoglycans. - Rebar
Inorganic - Hyroxyapetite - Cement
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
Canals occupied by osteocyte cell proesses. Nutrients Diffuse through here to other cells.
Term
OSteoblasts
Definition
Create Bone Tissue - Through osteogenesis or ossification. Collagen produced by E.R. and Golgi.
Term
Ossification
Definition
Formation of Bone by osteoblasts. Cells surround themselves with matrix
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Maintain Bone Matrix. Can make small amounts of matrix in order to maintain.
Term
Lacunae
Definition
Spaces occupied by Osteocyte body.
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
Reabsorb Bone. Have Ruffled Border where reabsorption takes place. Release enzyme that digests bone.
Term
Bone Stem Cell?
Definition
Osteochondral Progenitor Cells.
Term
Haversian (Central) Canals
Definition
Central Canal containing blood vessels and nerve cells that serve the osteon's cells. Run through the core of each osteon.
Term
Lamellae Types
Definition
Concentric - Complete Osteons.

Circumferential - located deep to the periosteum and just superficial to the endosteum. Extend around the circumference of the diaphysis and resist twisting.

Interstitial - Incomplete lamellae that lie between intact osteons.
Term
Volkmann's Canal
Definition
runs perpendicular to long axis. Contains blood vessels. Directs flow of nutrients from vessels through cell processes of osteoblasts.
Term
Two Types of Bone Development
Definition
Intramembranous - Takes place in connective tissue membrane. Forms many skull bones and part of mandible.

Endochondral - Takes place in Cartilage - Most bone is formed this way!

Both methods produce woven bone which is then remodeled. After remodeling, the two types cannot be distinguished.
Term
Fontanel ?
Definition
Large membrane covered spaces between developing skull bones.
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Process of converting hyaline cartilage to Bone. Begins at primary ossification center.

Steps!
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 1
Definition
A Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartialge model. Osteoblasts of the of the newly converted periosteum secrete osteoid against the hyaline cartilage incasing it in a collar of bone.
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 2
Definition
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. As the bone collar forms, chondrocytes within the shaft enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify. This causes the chondrocytes to die and the matrix begins to deteriorate in the center. Elsewhere, the cartilage continues to grow, thus elongating the diaphysis.
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 3
Definition
The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms. The periosteal bud contains an artery, vein, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 4
Definition
Diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. As the primary ossification center enlarges, osteoclasts break down the newly formed spongy bone and create a medullary cavity.
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 5
Definition
The epiphyses ossify Bone trabeculae appear just as they did in the primary ossification center.
Term
Bone Remodeling
Definition
Conjoined processes of bone deposit and bone resorption which refreshes bone cells to prevent bone from becoming more brittle. Every week we recycle 5-7% of our bone mass. Compact Bone is replaced every ten years or so.
Term
Bone Deposit
Definition
Process of depositing new bone matrix by osteoblasts .
Term
Bone Resorption
Definition
Osteoclasts move along bone surface digging grooves as they break down the existing matrix.
Term
Bone Repair Steps
Definition
1. A hematoma forms at the fracture site.

2. Fibrocartilage callus forms - capilaries grow into the hematoma and phagocytotic cells invade the area to begin cleaning up the debris. meanwhile fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells invade the fracture site to begin repair. The callus forms from fibrous tissue and cartilage.

3. Bony Callus Forms: New bone trabeculae form in the fibrocartilage callus and gradually convert it to a hard callus of spongy bone.

4. Bone Remodeling Occurs -
Term
Open Fracture (Compound)
Definition
Bone break with open wound. Bone may be sticking out of wound.
Term
Closed (Simple) Fracture
Definition
Skin is not perforated.
Term
Incomplete Fracture
Definition
Doesn't extend across the bone.
Term
Complete Fracture
Definition
Fracture extends across the full length of bone.
Term
Greenstick Fracture
Definition
Incomplete fracture that occurs on the convex side of the curve of a bone.
Term
Hairline Fracture
Definition
Incomplete fracture where two sections of bone do not separate. Common in skull fractures.
Term
Comminuted Fracture
Definition
Complete Break into more than two pieces.
Term
Impacted Fracture
Definition
One fragment is driven into the cancellous portion of the other fragment.
Term
Age Related Changes is Bone
Definition
In old age resorption predominates formation.
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