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A&P Chapter 5
Integumentary System
116
Biology
Not Applicable
07/29/2013

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Term
The integumentary system is composed of what?
Definition
Skin & associated structure (glands, hair, nails, blood vessels, nerves & sensory receptors)
Term
What are the layers of epithelial membrane?
Definition
Epidermis: Superficial layer
(Epithelial tissue)
Dermis: Deep
(Connective tissue)
Term
Where is the subcutaneous layer located?
Definition
Underneath the dermis
Term
What supports the dermis?
Definition
Subcutaneous layer
Term
How many blood vessels are there in the epidermis?
Definition
None
Term
Where is the epidermis?
Definition
Outermost portion of skin
Term
What is the epidermis composed of?
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium
(composed of several layers)
Term
Is the epidermis avascular?
Definition
Yes
Term
Avecular
Definition
With kit vessels
Term
Stratum
Definition
Layer
Term
Strata
Definition
Layers
Term
What epithelial layer is closest to blood supply?
Definition
Stratum Basale
Term
What epithelial layer contains melanocytes?
Definition
Stratum Basale
Term
Which epithelial layer has most of the mitotic division?
Definition
Stratum Basale
Term
Which epithelial layer has spiny projections connect cells?
Definition
Stratum spinosum
Term
What forms the stratum germinativum?
Definition
Stratum Basale & stratum spinosum
Term
What epithelial layer has limited mitotic ability?
Definition
Stratum spinosum
Term
In which epithelial layer does keratinization begins?
Definition
Granulosum
Term
Where would stratum lucidum be located?
Definition
Only in "thick skin"
(palms, fingertip, soles of feet)
Term
What epithelial layer has 20-30 layers of dead karatinazed cells
Definition
Stratum Corneum
Term
How long does it take for stratum Basale cells move up to the stratum Corneum?
Definition
5 weeks
Term
What epithelial layer sheds their cells?
Definition
Stratum Corneum sheds cells (exfoliate)
Term
What do melanocytes produce?
Definition
Melanin
Term
What does melanin do?
Definition
Dark pigment protects from sunlight
Activity varies
(genetic & environmental factors)
Term
Is the dermis thicker than the epidermis?
Definition
Yes
10-40 times thicker (4mm thick)
Term
Is the epidermis thicker than the dermis?
Definition
No
Epidermis is 10-40 times thinner than dermis (4mm thick)
Term
What is Keratin?
Definition
Though, water-repellant protein
Term
What does keratin do?
Definition
Prevents water loss by evaporation
Term
What produces keratin?
Definition
Keratinocytes
Term
Where is the dermis in relation to the epidermis?
Definition
Deep
Term
What is the dermis composed of?
Definition
Dense irregular connective tissue with elastic fibers
Term
Is the dermis vascular?
Definition
Yes
Term
What does the dermis contain?
Definition
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, sensory receptors, blood vessels
Term
What is the function of the dermis?
Definition
Protection, nourishment for epidermis, skin elasticity, sensory perception
Term
What is the function of the epidermis?
Definition
Protection from wear & tear, injury & harmful substances
Melanin protects from Ultra violent radiation
Term
What are the layers of the dermis?
Definition
Papillary layer (superficial)
Reticular layer (deep)
Term
Dermal papallae is part of what dermal layer?
Definition
Papillary layer
Term
What is the subcutaneous layer AKA?
Definition
Hypodermis or superficial fascia
Term
Where is the papillary layer?
Definition
On Palmer surface of hands/planter surface of feet (papillae are arranged in ridges)
Term
Where would phagocytes be located?
Definition
Deep reticular dermal layer
Term
What does the reticular layer contain?
Definition
Blood vessels, sweet & oils glands, deep pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)
Term
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?
Definition
Loose connective tissue
(mostly adipose, some areolar)
Has blood vessels & nerve endings
Term
What is the function of subcutaneous layer?
Definition
1)Connects skin to underlying muscle
2) Insulation
3) Temperature regulation
4) Sensory perception
Term
What do the accessory structures of the skin do?
Definition
Help protect the skin & give it more functions
Term
What is included in the accessory structures of skin?
Definition
Sebaceous oil glands
Suboriferous sweat glands
Hair
Nails
Term
What kind of glands are sebaceous glands?
Definition
Oil glands
Exocrine glands
Term
What is the name of the oil sebaceous glands produce?
Definition
Sebum
Term
What does sebum do?
Definition
Lubricates skin & hair
Helps prevent water loss
Inhibit bacteria
Term
What do sebaceous oil glands look like?
Definition
Saclike structure
Term
What occurs when the sebaceous glands are near the hair?
Definition
Ducts open into half follicles
Term
What kind of glands are suboriferous sweat glands?
Definition
Exocrine glands
Term
What do suboriferous glands produce?
Definition
Produce sweat
AKA perspiration
Term
Where are suboriferous glands located?
Definition
In dermis & subcutaneous tissue
Term
What do suboriferous glands look like?
Definition
Coiled, tubular structure
Term
What sweat gland is very numerous?
Definition
Eccrine gland
Term
What does the eccrine gland do?
Definition
Serve a minor excretory function
Help control body temperature
Term
How does the eccrine release sweat?
Definition
Excretory tube opens at a pore on skin surface
Term
What is in eccrine sweat ?
Definition
Water & some salts
Term
Where would apocrine glands located?
Definition
Axilla & groin
Term
When do apocrine glands activate?
Definition
During puberty
Term
Which sweat gland produce oder?
Definition
Apocrine
Term
What does apocrine Sweat contain?
Definition
Water, salts & organic compounds
Term
What do apocrine glands respond to?
Definition
Pain, emotional stress, sexual arousal
Term
Do apocrine glands secrets into hair follicles?
Definition
Yes
Term
What produces ear wax?
Definition
Ceruminous glands
(modified sweat glands)
Term
What produces eye lubrication?
Definition
Ciliary glands
(modified sweat glands)
located at the edges of eye
Term
What produces milk?
Definition
Mammary glands
(modified sweat glands)
Term
What is hair composed of?
Definition
Mainly of keratin; non-living
Term
What covers almost all of the body?
Definition
Hair
Term
What body regions grow no hair?
Definition
Lips, palm, sole of feet, distal fingers & parts of genital area
Term
What is the shaft of hair?
Definition
Portion of the hair that projects above the skin
Term
What is the root of hair?
Definition
Portion below the skin
Term
What are hair follicles?
Definition
A sheath of epithelial & connective tissue
Term
What do hair follicles do?
Definition
Builds & encloses hair
Term
Where is a hair follicle located?
Definition
Extends through epidermis into dermis
Term
Melanocytes are part of what region & what do they do?
Definition
Melanocytes in growth region add pigment
Term
What are hair follicles attracted to?
Definition
Arrector pili muscles ("goose bumps" (smooth muscle)
Term
What are Arrector pili?
Definition
Smooth muscles that produce goose bumps
Term
What do nails do?
Definition
1) Help grasp small objects
2) Protect finger tips & toes
3) Thin plates of stratum corneum that contain hard keratin
Term
What is the free edge of a nail?
Definition
Distal end of nail (part used to scratch with)
Term
What is the nail plate or body?
Definition
Visible portion of nail
Term
What is he nail root?
Definition
Proximal end, covered with skin
Term
What is the nail bed?
Definition
Stratum basale; deep to nail plate (underneath nail)
Term
What is the nail matrix?
Definition
Proximal portion of nail bed where growth occurs
Term
What is the lunula?
Definition
Nail plate over the matrix (located between cuticle & nail plate)
Term
What is the cuticle?
Definition
Extension of stratum corneum over nail root (outer edge of skin around nail)
Term
What does the integumentary system protects us from?
Definition
Infection, dehydration (drying), UV radiation
Term
What does the integumentary system regulate?
Definition
Body temperature
Term
What does the integumentary system collect?
Definition
Sensory information
Term
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Definition
1) Protection against infection
2) Protection against dehydration (dryness)
3) Protection against UV radiation
4) Regulation of body temperature
5) Collection of sensory information
Term
What are the effects of massage on the integumentary system?
Definition
1) Increases skin temperature (indication of reduced stress)
2) Increases skin condition:
(Increase circulation delivering nutrients more efficiently)
{Improvement in condition, texture & tone}
3) Stimulates oil glands: Improve condition, decreases dryness
4) Improves skin conditions: reduced thickening or hardening of skin, increased healing of abrasions, reduced itching
Term
How does the skin protect against infection?
Definition
1) Interlocking pattern resists penetration
2) Shedding removes pathogens
3) Secretions protect against bacterial toxins (sweat, sebum)
Term
What forms an intact primary barrier against invasion?
Definition
Skin protects against infections
Term
Does the skin protects humans against some harmful environmental chemical?
Definition
Yes
Term
How does skin prevent water loss?
Definition
1) Keratin in the dermis
2) Sebum released from the sebaceous glands
3) Prevents dehydration & to much water from entering the body from swimming or bathing
Term
What is melanin?
Definition
Pigment found in skin & hair that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black
Term
What do melanocytes transfer?
Definition
Transfers Melanin to skin & hair cells near them
Term
How does melanin appear?
Definition
Appears as an inclusion in skin cells to protect the DNA
Term
How many cells are melanocytes in the stratum basale?
Definition
1/4 (25%)
Term
What absorbs light?
Definition
Melanin
Term
What do constricting blood vessels in dermis do to the body?
Definition
Raise body temperature
Term
Acting sweat glands sweat glands & dilating blood vessels does what to the body?
Definition
Dermis cools body down
Term
How does the body cool down?
Definition
By acting sweat glands & dilating blood vessels in dermis cools body down
Term
How does the body warm itself up?
Definition
Constricting blood vessels in dermis raises body temperature
Term
What are bare nerve endings?
Definition
Free nerve endings
Term
Do free (bare) nerve endings have a connective tissue covering?
Definition
NO
Term
What do free (bare) nerve endings do?
Definition
Detect pain & changes in temperature
Term
What is another name for touch receptors?
Definition
Meissner's corpuscle
Term
What do touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscle) detect?
Definition
Light, discriminating touch
Example: Feeling a strand of hair underneath pages in a phone book
Term
What is another name for deep pressure receptors?
Definition
Pacinan corpuscle
Term
What does deep pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscle) detect?
Definition
Tissue displacement or deformation
(enough to push tissue out of displacement)
Examples: Rubbing, pulling, pinching, poking, squeezing
Term
What produces vitamin D?
Definition
Skin
Term
How does the body produce vitamin D?
Definition
{Synthesized in skin}
Precursor molecule converted when exposed to small amounts of UV light
Term
Why does the body produce vitamin D?
Definition
Needed for absorption of phosphorus & calcium
Term
What does the skin excrete?
Definition
Water, electrolytes, wastes
Term
What are the factors that influence skin color?
Definition
Melanin, hemoglobin, carotene
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