Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A&P #12 & #13 Sacral Plexus & Neurotransmitters
class lecture on 11/14 & 11/16 (Qudratus Lumborum, Piriformis, Gemellus Superior and Inferior)
41
Science
Undergraduate 1
11/14/2011

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
TX 442-444
Sacral Plexus
Definition
It arises from the ventral rami of L4-S4. It is the largest nerve of the body. It is the major nerve of the Sacral Plexus.
It innervates the posterior thigh (hamstrings) and at the level of the knee it splits into the the tibial and common fibularis (peroneal) nerves that innervate the skin and muscles from the knee down.
Term
TG 207-8
WB 97
Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
The Origin and Insertion switch depending on the action (closd chained and open chained)
Proximal - 12th rib and Transverse Process of L1-L4.
Distal - Anterior Lip of the Illiac Crest
Action - Unilaterally - Ipsilateral flexion, lateral tilt of the pelvis (hip hike to the same side.)
Bilaterally - Extension of the Spine
Term
Neuralgia (define)
Definition
Nerve Pain
Term
Sciatica
Definition
Pain (neuralgial) along the course of the sciatic nerve. (The sciatic nerve from the buttock down the posterior lower extremity.)
May Result from:
1) Direct Pressure on the nerve at the lumbosacral spine (herneated disc or osteoarthritis)
2) Direct Pressure from pregnancy or damage from improperly administered shot.
3) Entrapment of the Nevrve by the piriformis muscle
4) Trigger point in Gluteus medius and minimus referring pain.
#1-3 is TRUE Sciatica
#4 is Pseudo sciatica - LOOK HERE FIRST as it is the cause of the majority of cases.
Term
What are the characteristics of Pseudosciatica?
Definition
Referred pain from trigger points in the glute medius and minimus.
This is the majority of cases.
Term
Describe Bindles of Axons in the PNS:
Definition
They are Nerves
They are ganglia.
They are white matter.
Term
Describe Bundles of Axons in the CNS:
Definition
The are Tracts.
They are Nuclei.
Term
Describe Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS:
Definition
It is Nerves.
It s Ganglia.
It is Grey Matter.
Term
Describe Clusters of Cell Bodies in the CNS:
Definition
It is Tracts.
It is Nuclei
Term
One exception where Cell Bodies are NOT called Ganglia
Definition
In the CNS, Cell Bodies it is BASAL GANGLIA
Term
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Definition
Caused by a virus (chickenpox - varicella virus.)
Can lie dormant in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA.
Can be reactivated by stress.
Outbreak is a painful blister on the particular spinal nerve - on the dermatome.
Usualy on the trunk unilaterally.
Term
Shingles contraindications in massage
Definition
Acute - Systemic Contraindiaction
Mild - Local contraindication
If YOU have never had Chicken Pox - AVOID contact!
Term
The Six Deep Lateral Rotators of the Hip almost always insert where?
Definition
The greater trachanter of the hip
Term
TG 328
WB 148, 154
Piriformis
ORIGIN - PROXIMAL
INSERTION - DISTAL
ACTION
Definition
Origin - Anterior surface of the sacrum
Insertion - Upper border of the greater trochanter of the femur
Action: Lateral/External Rotation of the EXTENDED hip
Medial/Internal Rotation of the FLEXED hip
Term
TG 329
Gemellus Superior and Inferior
ORIGIN - PROXIMAL
INSERTION - DISTAL
ACTION
Definition
Origin - Gemellus Superior: Ishial Spine
Gemellus Inferior: Ishial Tuberosity
Insertion - Greater Trachanter
Action: Lateral/External Rotation of the Femur at Hip Extension
Term
Nerve Fiber Repair
TX 421-2
Definition
Neurons cannot replicate...they can repair
Neuroglia can regenerate
Term
Where are the Schwann cells located?
Definition
PNS
Term
Where are the Oligodendrited located?
Definition
The CNS
Term
Cand neurons, oligodendrites, in the CNS replicate?
Definition
No, they can repair.
Term
What are the chemicals of the nervous system?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
How do neurotransmiters communicate?
Definition
They transmit messages to other neurons, muscle fibers, or gland cells by converting an electrical signal into a chemical signal whcih then gets turned back into an electrical signal by the receiving cell.
Term
What are the two ways neurotransmitters are classified by FUNCTION?
Definition
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Term
Neurotransmitters classified by Excitatory FUNCTION:
Definition
Cause depolarization - make something happen
Term
Neurotransmitters classified by Inhibitory FUNCTION:
Definition
Cause Hyperpolarization - slows down or stops a process
Term
What are the two categories of classification of neurotransmitters by CHEMICAL STRUCTURE?
Definition
Small Structure
Large Structure
Term
The Small Structure CHEMICAL STRUCTURE of Neurotransmitters are:
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
The Large Structure CHEMICAL STRUCTURE of Neurotransmitters are:
Definition
Pollypeptides - long chains of amino acids 2-40
Term
Define Synapse
Definition
The gap/place where signals are transmitted from the pre-synaptic neuron to another cell, the post-synaptic neuron.
Term
What are the two types of Synapses?
Definition
Electrical
Chemical
Term
Describe the Electrical type of Synapse
Definition
Involves tight junctions between cells - no need for chemicals like in cardiac muscle
Term
Describe the Chemical type of Synapse:
Definition
They use a neurotransmitter, a chemical, to send a chemical signal
Term
What are the three structures that make up a synapse?
Definition
1. Synaptic Knob
2. Synaptic Cleft
3. Plasma Membrane
Term
Describe the Synaptic Knob, a structure of a synapse
Definition
It is located at the end of a pre-synaptic axon, a tiny bulge.
The knob contains vesicles that hold neurotransmitters.
Term
Describe the Synaptic Cleft, a structure of a synapse:
Definition
It is a gap/space where the communication takes place.
Term
Describe the Plasma Membrane, a structure of the synapse:
Definition
On the post-synaptic cleft. It contains SPECIFIC receptors that may receive the SPECIFIC neurotransmitter.
Like a key in a lock.
Term
Describe the Neuromuscular junction:
Definition
It is the connection between a motor neuron fiber and a muscle cell.
A nerve impulse reaches the pre-synaptic neuron causing the release of Acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. The AcH diffusses to make contact with the AcH receptors on the post-synaptic sarcolemma (plasma membrane).
It initiates an electrical impulse, EXCITATION, in the sarcolemma.
Term
Name 5 Common Neurotransmitters:
Definition
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Nonepinephrine
Endorphins
Term
Describe Achetylcholine:
Definition
Either Excitatory or Inhibitory. Excitatory in skeletal muscle. Inhibitory in cardiac muscle.
Involved in memory.
Located in junctions with motor effectors (muscles and glands)
Term
Describe Dopamine:
Definition
Mostly Inhibitory.
Involved in emotions and moods and regulates motor control.
Located in ANS.
Term
Describe Epinephrine & Norephinephrine:
Definition
Both excitatory and inhibitory.
Ephinephrine: Acts as a hormone when secreted by sympathetic cells of the adrenal glands.
Norepinephrine - Regulates sympathetic effectors (fight ot flight) in the brain involved in emotional responses.
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Mostly inhibitory. Acts as opiate to block pain.
Located in several regions of the CNS, retina and intestinal tract.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!