The central nervous system contains the ________ and the ________

_____________ neurons carry nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system

The nucleus of a neuron is located in the _________ of the neuron

Nerve impulses are conducted toward the cell body by a neuronal process called a(n) __________.

Synaptic vesicles store ____________.

The general term for any neuronal process is a nerve ______________.

A neuron with several dendrites and one axon is classified as a(n) ____________ neuron

The effectors for general somatic efferent neurons are _____________.

An ion channel that opens in response to direct changes in the membrane potential is

A cell that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be ____________.

A membrane whose polarization is more negative than the resting level is said to be ___________.

Rapid opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels brings about ___________.

The largest, fastest conducting, myelinated nerve fibers are called Type  ___________ fibers

Alkalosis results in __________ excitability of neurons

Gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon are called __________. 

The outermost layer of the spinal meninges is the ___________. 

In the adult, the spinal cord extends from the medulla to the ___________ vertebra

The tapering end of the spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement is called the ________.

The roots of the spinal nerves that angle inferiorly in the vertebral canal from the end of the spinal cord form the _____________.

Clusters of neuron cell bodies within the spinal cord are called __________.

Sensory information regarding pain, temperature, touch, and deep pressure is transmitted via the ____________ tracts

If the effector in a reflex arc is the heart, a gland, or smooth muscle, the reflex is called a(n) __________ reflex.

The receptors in the stretch reflex arc are the _________.

When a sensory nerve impulse enters the spinal cord on the same side that the motor impulse leaves it, the arrangement is called a(n) ___________ reflex arc.

When a single sensory neuron activates several muscles via the action of association neurons in other parts of the spinal cord, the arrangement is called a(n) _____________ reflex arc.

When sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses leave on the opposite side , as in the crossed extensor reflex, the arrangement is called a(n)_______ reflex arc

Extension of the great toe in response to gentle stroking of the outer margin of the sole of the foot is called a positive ____________.

The connective tissue wrapping each fascicle of nerve fibers is called the _____________. 

The neuropeptides produced by the hypothalamus that are released as hormones from the posterior pituitary gland are ___________ and _______________.

Networks of capillaries involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid are called ____________. 

Regions in the pons that help control respiration are the _________ and the __________ areas

The red nucleus is a region of the ____________ involved in coordinating muscular movements

The __________ produces the hormone melatonin

The middle cerebellar peduncles conduct afferent impulses from the __________ to the __________. 

The largest portion of the diencephalon is the __________.

The infundibulum is a stalklike structure that attaches the ______ to the _________. 

The groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum is the __________.

The region/lobe of the cerebrum that cannot be seen from the exterior surface of the brain is the ____________.

White fibers that connect and transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same cerebral hemisphere are called ___________ fibers. 

Amino acids that act as excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain are __________ and __________; the amino acid, ___________, acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

The substantia nigra is particularly rich in the neurotransmitter ____________.

The two principal types of cerebrovascular accident are 1) ___________, due to decreased blood supp1y , and 2) _____________, due to rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

A sense organ transduces a stimulus into a __________.

Nerve impulses are conducted from a receptor to the central nervous system by _______ neurons

Parkinson's Disease is associated with deterioration of neural connections between the _____________ of the midbrain and the _____________ of the cerebrum

Long-term potentiation is a phenomenon believed to occur in a region of the cerebrum known as the __________________.

The daily sleep-wake cycle is known as ___________ rhythm

The ability to recognize by "feel" the size, shape, and texture of an object is called ____________.

___________ is the conscious or unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli.

Receptors that provide information concerning body position and movement are classified as ____________.

If a stimulus directly increases or decreases the exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles, it is said to elicit a _____________.

A decrease in sensitivity to a long-term stimulus is called ______________.

Visceral pain that is perceived as localized in the skin served by the same segment of the spinal cord is called _____________.

Proprioceptors that monitor the force of muscle contraction are the _________. 

Receptors that detect changes in temperature are called ___________

Most dreaming occurs during the ___________ 

stage of sleep

Awakening from sleep involves increased activity in fibers known as the that project from the brain stem through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

The __________ of the cerebral cortex is the major control region for initiation of

voluntary movement.

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are covered in part by a layer of calcium carbonate crystals called ____________

The _________ have the primary role in maintenance of dynamic equilibrium

_____________ is an abnormally high intraocular pressure due to buildup of aqueous humor

The receptors for gustatory sensations are located in the _____________

A bactericidal enzyme present in lacrimal fluid is ___________.

The fibrous tunic of the eyeball consists of the _________ and the ______

The shape of the lens is altered for near or far vision by the __________

The hole in the center of the iris is the _________

The area in the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina whose name translates literally as "yellow spot" is the __________.

The leading cause of blindness is a loss of transparency of the lens known as a ______

The anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye are separated by the _________

The anterior and posterior cavities of the eye are separated by the __________

Intraocular pressure is produced mainly by __________.

The jellylike substance filling the posterior cavity of the eye is the __________.

Bending of light rays as they pass through different media is called _________

The increase in curvature of the lens for near vision is called __________.

With aging, the lens loses its elasticity, and therefore, its ability to change shape. This condition is known as ___________. 

The medial movement of the eyeballs so that both are directed toward the object being viewed is called __________.

The photopigment in rods is _________.

The light-absorbing portion of all visual photopigments is _________, which is derived from vitamin _________. 

The external auditory canal and the middle ear are separated by the ___________.

The auditory ossicles are the _________, the ______ and the ____________. 

The middle ear and the nasopharynx are connected by the ____________.

The three areas of the bony labyrinth are the ________, the ________ and the  ___________.

Effector tissues for autonomic motor neurons are ___________, _________ and ________.

An autonomic motor neuron that extends from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion is called a _______ neuron

An autonomic motor neuron that extends from an autonomic ganglion to a visceral effector is called a ________ neuron

Based on the locations of preganglionic cell bodies, the sympathehc division of the ANS is sometimes called the _____________ division

Based on the locations of preganglionic cell bodies, the parasympathetic division of the ANS is sometimes called the __________ division

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in ___________ ganglia in or near visceral effectors

Ganglia lying close to large abdominal arteries that receive sympathetic preganglionic fibers are the _________ ganglia

_______ ganglia lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx

The celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, which are named for the large abdominal arteries they are near, are examples of __ __ ganglia

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers that connect the anterior ramus of a spinal nerve with sympathetic trunk ganglia are collectively called the ________.

The effector for sympathetic postganglionic fibers leaving the middle and inferior cervical ganglia is the _____________.

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers that connect sympathetic trunk ganglia with spinal nerves are collectively called the ___________.

Axon collaterals of the fibers of the white rami. communicantes that extend through multiple sympathetic trunk ganglia are called ___________.

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through sympathetic trunk ganglia to terminate in prevertebral ganglia are called ___________.

Cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter ______________.

The enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine is __________.

Adrenergic neurons release the neurotransmitters ___________ or ____________.

The specified cells affected by a particular hormone are called _____________ cells.

Local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called ___________, while those that act on the same cell that secreted them are called ___________.

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes belong to the structural (chemical) class of hormones known as __________which are derived from fatty adds.

Specific proteins that transport most steroid hormones in the blood are synthesized in the ___________.

The role of cyclic AMP in the function of water-soluble hormones is to act as a(n) _________.

Cycllic AMP is inactivated by the enzyme ________.

Receptors on the outer surface of target cell membranes are linked to adenylate cyclase molecules on the inner surface by molecules called ___________.

When two hormones complement each other's action and both are needed for full expression of the hormonal effects, the interaction is called a(n) ___________ effect

Release of hormones from the adenohypophysis is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the ___________.

Hormones that influence endocrine glands other than their source are called ___________. 

GHIH, or __________ inhibits the release of hGH

The target organ for ACTH is the _________.

The target organs for oxytocin are the _________ and the _________. 

Lower than normal water concentration in the blood is sensed by osmoreceptors in the ______  which activate the cells that synthesize and release the hormone _______.

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete _____________

where it stimulates

the reabsorption of _____________ ions and the excretion of ____________ ions.

DHEA is the principal ___________ secreted by the adrenal cortex

Hormones that are sympathomimetic are secreted by the __________

The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete __________, while the beta cells secrete

___________ and the delta cells secrete ___________.

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones __________ and ___________ 

If a diabetic injects too much insulin, the principal symptom would be __________

The target organs for angiotensin II are the ________ and the __________

The effect of parathyroid hormone on the kidney is to increase the reabsorption of _____ and ________ ions and to promote excretion of _____ ions

An enlarged thyroid gland is called a __________

The buffy coat of centrifuged whole blood is formed by the __________.

Plasma minus its clotting proteins is called ___________.

The most common of the plasma proteins are the ___________.

Gamma globulins are produced by ____________.

The process by which formed elements of the blood are produced is called __________.

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced mainly by the ___________.

Red blood cells are highly specialized to transport ____________.

During the breakdown of red blood cells, iron is removed from hemoglobin and transported in the bloodstream by a plasma protein called __________.

During the breakdown of red blood cells, the non-iron portion of heme is converted into a green pigment called ___________, then into an orange pigment called ___________.

The percentage of red blood cells in whole blood is called the ___________.

Intrinsic factor aids in the absorption of __________ by the small intestine

The three types of granular leukocytes are the _________, _________ and the _________.

The process by which phagocytes are attracted to chemicals released by microbes or inflamed issue is called ____________.

Granular leukocytes that are thought to produce enzymes that are antagonistic to the mediators of allergic reactions are the _________

The stoppage of bleeding is called __________

The enzyme _________ digests the fibrin threads of a blood clot

A common anticoagulant that acts as an antagonist to vitamin K is __________

Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called

The rupture of red blood cells is called _________

Selectin and integrins are examples of ___________ molecules that assist in the _________  of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the interstitial fluid

The target cells for erythropoietin are __________ which are located in the __________

The stimulus for release of erythropoietin is ___________ in the kidney

White blood cells that produce histamine and heparin are the ________

Agranular leukocytes that develop into macrophages outside the bloodstream are the ____________

Among the various ethnic groups in the United States, the two most common blood types are type _________ and type _________

People with type A blood have isoantigens called ________ on their red blood cells and isoantibodies called ________in their plasma.

During the platelet release reaction, the prostaglandin __________ activates platelets and acts as a vasoconstrictor

Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by the enzyme _________

The organs and tissues included in the cardiovascular system are the _______ , _______ , and _________

The _______side of the heart is the pump for pulmonary circulation

The area of the thoracic cavity in which the heart is located is called the __________

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the ___________

Transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma of adjacent cardiac muscle fibers that contain gap junctions and desmosomes are called ______

There are semilunar valves between the right ventricle and the _________and between the left ventricle and the _________

The left atrium receives blood from the  ____________

The medical term for reduction in blood flow is _________

Cardiac excitation normally begins in the _________

When a site other than the normal cardiac pacemaker takes over the job of tnitiation of the heart beat, that site is referred to as a(n) _________ focus

The term ____________refers to the contraction of the heart; the term __________ refers to the relaxation of the heart

The act of listening to the heart sounds with a stethoscope is called __________

The amount of blood ejected per beat from a ventricle is called the _________

Cardiac output equals  _________ times _______

Blood pressure is monitored by __________ in the walls of the aortic arch and the carotid arteries

In the fetus, blood flows directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the _______

Prolliferation of smooth muscle cells and accumulation of fatty substances in the walls of arteries characterize the condition known as _________.

Buildup of fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity leads to compression of the heart known as __________.

The superior chambers of the heart are the ________ and the inferior chambers of the heart are the _________

The external groove that separates the upper and lower chambers of the heart is the __________-

Irregular ridges and folds in the internal walls of the ventricles are known as the ___________

The right atrioventricular valve is also known as the __________ valve, and the left atrioventricular valve is also known as the _________ valve.

The left coronary artery divides into the _______ branch and the _________ branch

The right coronary artery divides into the ___________branch and the ________ branch

The principal tributaries carrying blood into the coronary sinus are the __________ and the ___________

The medical term for a heart attack is a(n)_________

Action potentials are transmitted from the bundle branches to myocardial cells of the ventricles by cells called ___________

The study of the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body is called __________ 

Blood flows through the ________ of a blood vessel

The tissue that forms a continuous layer of cells lining the inner surface of the heart and blood vessels is __________ 

Increased sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels with beta adrenergic receptors results in _________

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume is called _________

The cardiovascular center is located in the __________

Hypercapnia and severe hypoxia stimulate _________ located in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch

The term __________ refers to a rapid resting heart/pulse rate; the term __________ refers to a slow resting heart/pulse rate

The various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure readings are called _________ sounds

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures is called __________

The first vessel to branch off the aorta after the coronary arteries is the __________

Blood bypasses the fetal liver through a vessel called the __________-

A weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward is called a(n) _________

Capillaries, such as those in the liver, that are wider in diameter than other capillaries and that have spaces between the endothelial cells in their walls are called __________

Disease-producing organisms are called ___________

Defense mechanisms that provide general protection against a wide range of disease- producing organisms are collectively called _________

lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine that are specialized for fat transport are called __________

A group of about 20 normally inactive proteins in the blood and on cell membranes that enhance phagocytosis and inflammation is called the ___________

The type of lymphocyte that provides non-specific resistance is the _________

Substances that are recognized as foreign by the immune system and that provoke immune reponses are called ____________

Cytokines secreted by virus-infected cells that inhibit viral replication in uninfected cells are _____________

The antigen binding site is located in the ___________  region of an immunoglobulin molecule

Most antibodies belong to the _____________ class of immunoglobulins

Activated B cells clone and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells called ______ or into ______ for future protection from the same antigen

The process by which antibodies coat a microorganism to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis is called __________

T cells exhibiting CD8 proteins on their plasma membranes are known as ________ T cells

T cells that exhibit CD4 proteins on their plasma membranes are known as _______ T cells.

As temperature of blood increases, percent saturation of hemoglobin __________

As respiratory rate decreases, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood ________ , resulting in a(n) ______ in extracellular pH.

The 10"-12" tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are the __________

The mucosa of the urinary bladder includes _________ epithelium

The smooth muscle layers surrounding the mucosa of the urinary bladder are collectively known as the _____________

The normal component of urine that is derived from the detoxification of ammonia produced as a result of deamination of proteins is __________

The hormone that increases the water permeability of the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule is _________

The plasma concentration at which a substance begins to spill into the urine because its transport maximum has been surpassed is called the __________

The substrate for the enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells is ___________

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to the presence of ____________ in blood plasma

The blood vessels surrounding the loop of Henle that help maintain the hypertonic conditions in the peritubular spaces of the renal medulla are called the ___________

The apex of a renal pyramid is called a renal ____________

Specialized epithelial cells with pedicels covering glomerular capillaries are called __________

The percentage of plasma in afferent arterioles that becomes glomerular filtrate is called the _________

Urine is expelled from the bladder by an act called ____________, also known as urination or voiding

The product of the catabolism of nucleic adds that is normally present in urine and that may crystallize into kidney stones is __________

The presence of red blood cells in urine is called _____________

The polysaccharide used in renal function tests because its clearance equals the glomerular filtration rate is _________

Most tubular reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and potassium ions occurs in the _________

The renal tubules are least permeable to water in the region known as the _________

Secretion of potassium ions by cells of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts is regulated primarily by the hormone__________

All body fluids not contained within cells collectively are called __________

Fluid in spaces between cells is called _________

The primary method by which water moves between fluid compartments is ____________

As age increases, the percentage of body weight that is water __________ as the amount of adipose tissue increases, the percentage of body weight that is water _______

Increased blood volume stretching the right atrium stimulates the release of _________

An inorganic substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water is called a(n) ___________

Isotonic saline is a _____ % solution of sodium chloride

The most ebundant extracellular anion is ______

Plasma levels of potassium ions are regulated primarily by the hormone _________

The condition in which levels of potassium ions are higher than normal in the blood is called _____________

The inorganic ion that is the major buffer of hydrogen ions in the plasma is ___________

As blood passes through the pulmonary capillaries , the plasma level of bicarbonate ion _________.

If levels of aldosterone increase, excretion of potassium ions in urine __________