Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A/P I: Nervous System
Senses - Chapter 15
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
General senses
Definition
Receptors distributed througout the body divided into visceral and somatic.
Term
Somatic senses
Definition
Provide sensory information about the body and environment. Include: touch, pressure, itch, vibration, temperature, proprioception and pain.
Term
Visceral senses
Definition
Provide information about various internal organs, primarily pain and pressure.
Term
Special senses
Definition
Specialized nerve endings localized to specific parts of the body.
Term
Pathway for Sensation
Definition

1. Stimuli

2. Receptor to A.P.

3. Afferent to the CNS

4. Translation and awareness

Term
Sensory receptor that detects pain, itch, tickle, temperature, joint movement and proprioception.
Definition
Free nerve ending
Term
Sensory receptor that senses light touch and superficial pressure.
Definition
Merkel's disk
Term
Sensory receptor that senses light touch and responds to very slight bending of the hair.
Definition
hair follicle receptor
Term
Sensory receptor that detects deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, and proprioception.
Definition
pacinian corpuscle
Term
Sensory receptor that detects two-point discrimination
Definition
Meissner's corpuscle
Term
Sensory receptor that detects continuous touch or pressure; responds to depression or stretch of the skin.
Definition
ruffini's end organ
Term
Sensory receptor that detects proprioception associated with detection of muscle stretch; important for control of muscle tone.
Definition
muscle spindle
Term
Sensory receptor that detects proprioception associated with the stretch of a tendon; important in the control of muscle contraction.
Definition
Golgi tendon organ
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli.
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
Sensory receptors that respond to chemicals.
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
Sensory receptors that respond to light.
Term
Nocireceptors
Definition
Sensory receptors that respond to painful mechanical, chemical or thermal stimuli.
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
Sensory receptors that respond to changes in temperature.
Term
Number of primary odors
Definition
7-50
Term
Sensory pathway for olfaction
Definition

1. Odorant binds to G-protein receptor

2. G-protein is activated

3. Alpha subunit activates adenylate cyclase.

4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.

5. cAMP opens ions channels.

6. Depolarization of the cell occurs.

Term
Olfactory are that is involved with conscious perception of smell.
Definition
Lateral olfactory area
Term
Olfactory area involved with modulating smell
Definition
Intermediate area
Term
Olfactory area that is involved with visceral and emotional responses to smell and is linked to mamillary bodies of hypothalamus.
Definition
Medial area
Term
Two olfactory areas connected with limbic response.
Definition
Intermediate and Medial areas
Term
Taste types
Definition

Salt

Sweet

Bitter

Sour

Umami (savory)

Term
Taste
Definition
Due to chemical binding within gustatory hairs of taste cells.
Term
Cranial nerve that controls the front of the tongue
Definition
Facial nerve
Term
Cranial nerves that control posterior portion of the tongue
Definition
Vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve
Term
Sensory pathway for gustation
Definition

1. Chemical binds with gustatory cells generating A.P.s

2. Depolarization of cell or g-protein pathway is initiated

3. Gustatory hairs synapse with cranial nerves VII, IX and X.

4. Synapses terminate at the medulla.

5. A.P.s pass through afferent tracts to the thalamus and taste sensory cortex.

Term
Where salt is sensed on the tongue
Definition
anterior portion (tip)
Term
Where sweet is sensed on the tongue
Definition
anterior portion (tip)
Term
Where bitter is sensed on the tongue.
Definition
Back of tongue
Term
Where sour is sensed on the tongue.
Definition
Lateral portions (sides)
Term
Where umami is sensed on the tongue
Definition
Scattered areas
Term
Sensory pathway for salt
Definition

Sodium ions diffuse through sodium ion channels and cause depolarization of the cell.

 

This results in calcium ion voltage gated channels to open and the influx of calcium triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter.

Term
Sensory pathway for acids/sour taste
Definition

3 Pathways involving H+ ions:

1. Enter cell through H+ channels

2. Bind to gated K+ channels, preventing K+ from entering cell

3. Can open ligand-gated channels for other positive ions.

Term
Sensory pathway for sweet sensation
Definition
1. Sugars bind to g-protein receptors causing depolarization from K+ ion channels closing.
Term
Sensory pathway for bitter sensation
Definition
Alkaloids bind to g-protein receptors causing release of Calcium ions and depolarization of the cell.
Term
Sensory pathway for umami sensation
Definition
Amino acids bind to g-protein receptors which open Calcium ion channels and the influx of calcium causes depolarization of the cell.
Term
This taste sensation has a low threshold to protect people from poisioning.
Definition
Bitter
Term
Outermost tunic of the eye that contains dense fibrous connective tissue and makes up the white of the eye.
Definition
Sclera
Term
Intermediate tunic of the eye that contains blood vessels and supportive tissues for the innermost layer.
Definition
Choroiod coat
Term
Deepest tunic of the eye that contains sensory structures.
Definition
Retina
Term
Visible light spectrum
Definition
380 - 750 nm
Term
Portion of the eye that regulates the size of the pupil.
Definition
Iris / ciliary body
Term
Opening of the iris which allows light to enter the eye
Definition
Pupil
Term
Focusing structure that is posterior to the pupil
Definition
lens
Term
Large open space that is posterior to lens that gives distance for focusing.
Definition
Vitreal chamber
Term
Jello-like substance in large open space behind lens of the eye
Definition
Vitreos humor
Term
Photoreceptors responsible for non-color vision
Definition
Rods
Term
Photoreceptors responsible for color vision
Definition
Cones
Term
Pigments associated with light and dark adaptation
Definition
Rhodopsin
Term
Pigment associated with color vision
Definition
Iodopsin
Term
Visual sensory pathway
Definition

1. Light strikes rods and cones causing biochemical reaction with pigements.

2. Electrical signal passes through retinal structures to optic nerve.

3. Optic nerve synapses at thalamus generating emotional context to visual images.

4. Association fibers project to occipital lobe where color, shape and movement are processed separately.

5. Visual association translates information into a visual pattern.

Term
Hearing sensory pathway
Definition

1. Vestibulocochlear nerve which terminates at a synapse within the brain stem.

2. This generates reflexive action relative to hearing.

3. A.P.s then pass to the thalamus and the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Term
Balance sensory pathway
Definition

1. Mechanical receptors generate A.P.s in response to fluid position and movement within the semicircular canals.

2. Vestibulocochlear nerve synapses at brain stem and diencephalon and terminates within the inferior portion of the somatosensory association area within the parietal lobe.

Term
Portion of ear that terminates at the eardrum and is associated with hearing.
Definition
External ear
Term
Portion of the ear that contains auditory ossicles.
Definition
Middle ear
Term
Portion of ear that deals with hearing and balance and contains interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels and chambers.
Definition
Inner ear
Term
Structure of the ear that is related to balance and allow us to detect our movement.
Definition
Semi-circular canals
Supporting users have an ad free experience!