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A&P II
Exam 4 Chapters 27 & 28
69
Science
Undergraduate 2
07/27/2008

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Term
1.) List all of the components of ECF
Definition
  • Interstitial Fluid
  • Plasma
  • Other: CSF, Serous fluid, endolymph, perilymph, aqueous humor
Term
2.) What is the principlal ion in ICF? in ECF?
Definition

ICF: K+, P+

 

ECF: NA++ CL-/ HCO3

Term
3A.) When water is lost in ECF, but electrolytes remain normal, what do you expect the changes of the Following? ECF Osmolarity
Definition

ECF Osmolarity INCREASES

ICF > ECF

Term
3B.) When water is lost in ECF, but electrolytes remain normal, what do you expect the changes of the Following? Movement of water ECF > ICF
Definition
????????????HELP?????
Term
3C.) When water is lost in ECF, but electrolytes remain normal, what do you expect the changes of the Following? ICF > ECF?
Definition
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Term
3D.) When water is lost in ECF, but electrolytes remain normal, what do you expect the changes of the Following? ECF Volume?
Definition
Term
3E.) When water is lost in ECF, but electrolytes remain normal, what do you expect the changes of the Following? ICF Volume?
Definition
Term
4.) Dehydration will cause fluid to shift from the ____ to the ____.
Definition
ICF to the ECF
Term
5A.) When you consume a meal high in salt, what do you expect the changes (increase or decrease) of Blood Volume?
Definition
INCREASED BLOOD VOLUME
Term
5B.) When you consume a meal high in salt, what do you expect the changes (increase or decrease) of Blood Pressure?
Definition
INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
Term
5C.) When you consume a meal high in salt, what do you expect the changes (increase or decrease) of Thirst?
Definition
INCREASED THIRST
Term
5D.) When you consume a meal high in salt, what do you expect the changes (increase or decrease) of ADH?
Definition
INCREASED ADH
Term
6.) What interactions between factors that affect the calcium balance?
Definition
- PTH - Calcitrol - Absorption @ Intestinal Mucosa - Kidney Secretion
Term
7.) Observe the changes of the Following Factors in case of (Blood Volume ^ ) Hyponatremia (Blood Volume down) Hypernatremia - Osmalarity - Thirst - ADH - Blood Pressure - Blood Volume - Aldosterone
Definition
Term
8.) What is the most factor affecting the pH of body tissue?
Definition

PCO2

 

 

-------------------------------------------------------

CO2→carbonic acid

Term
9.) What is the mechanism of secretion potassium in the urine?
Definition
  1. Changes in the K+ concentration in ECF
  2. Changes in pH
  3. High Aldosterone/Blood
Term
10.) Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by _______ ?
Definition

KIDNEY

Term
11.) What is the primary role of the Carbonic acid- Bi Carbonate buffer system? (page 5)
Definition
  • To prevent changes in pH cause by organic acid and fixed acids
  • To prevent acidosis more common than alkalosis
  • Excess H+ will be added to HCO3 to become H2CO3, and then H2CO3 will be disassociated to CO2 and H2O, CO2 is then eliminated by lung 
Term
12.) Compare hypoventilation & hyperventalation
Definition
Hypoventilation: Lack of Oxygen / Bad Lung Hyperventilation: too much O2
Term
13A.) Define - Fixed Acid
Definition
acids that do not leave solution: once produced, they remain in body fluids until they eliminated at the kidneys. (ex Sulfuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid)
Term
13B.) Define - Volatile Acid
Definition
acids that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.
Term
13C.) Define - Organic Acid
Definition
acid participants in or by-products of aerobic metabolism.
Term
14. List several factors that may increase the release of ADH.
Definition
rate of ADH released directly with Osmotic Concentration
Term
15A.) Functions of the reproductive system.
Definition
  • Produces
  • stores
  • nourishes
  • transports gametes
Term
15B.) Components of the reproductive system.
Definition
  • Gonads (testes/ovaries)
  • reproductive tract
  • glands
  • external genitalia
Term
16. What is rete testis?
Definition
straight tubules connected by seminiferous tubules.
Term
17.) What is dartos? What happens when it contracts?
Definition
Dartos is a muscle that makes the scrotal skin surface wrinkle.
Term
18.) What is cremaster? What happens to the penis when it constracts?
Definition
creamaster is when sexual arrousal on temperature change occurs, it contracts to pull the testes toward the body (to maintain the temperature of the sperm)
Term
19.) What is tunica albunigea?
Definition
Dense connective layer that projects inside the testes to form septate.
Term
20.) What is spermiogenesis?
Definition
  • Speratid matures and becomes a spermatozoon (sperm)
  • Spermatocytes and spermatids are surround by cytoplasm of sustentacular cell
  • takes 9 weeks from spermatocyte to complete spermiation.
Term
21a.) Functions of - Interstitial Cells
Definition

interstitial cells= (or Leydig Cells) produce androgen

 

 

Term
21b.)  What is the function of the sustentacular cell?
Definition

sustentacular cell (Sertoli cells)= to nurture the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis.

Term
22.) If a person starts taking injection testosterone daily for 3-4 weeks, what changes of his sex drive, GnRH, and FSH do you expect
Definition

sex drive would increase

GnRH  ???

FSH  ???

Term
23.) Where is sperm production located?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules
Term
24.) Put in the correct order the structures of the male reproductive tract
Definition
Seminiferous tubules→rete tetis→efferent→epididymous
Term
25.) Functions of epididymis
Definition

1. it monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules.

2. it acts as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa.

3. it stores and protects spermatozoa and facilitates their functional maturation.

 

Quick Answer:

monitor, recycle, stores/protects

Term
26.) Functions of the Prostate gland.
Definition

- Produce more acid 

 

= produce prostatic fluid- a slightly acidic solution that contributes 20-30% of the volume of semen.

 

PH Acidic

Term
27.) Role of Parasympathetic nerves in the vessels of the penis and the testes.
Definition
for Vasodilation / Penile Erection
Term
28.) What do the secretions of the prostate gland include?
Definition

-seminalplasmin = an antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males.

Term
29.) What does semen contain?
Definition
  • Spermatozoa 
  • Seminal Fluid
  • Enzymes - protease, seminalplasmin, prostatic enzymes, fibrinolysin

 

 

- the fluid ejaculate that contains spermatozoa and the secretions of accessory glands of the male reproduction tract.

 

 

Term
30.) What do preputial glands secrete?
Definition
SMEGMA
Term
31.) What is the difference between corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum.
Definition

corpus spongiosum (1corpura spongium) = surrounds the penile urethra, extend from the superficial fascia of the urogenital diaphram to the tip of the penis, contains more elastic fiber and contains a pair of small arteries.

corpus cavernosum ( 2 copura cavernosa) =

separated by a thin septum and encircled by a dense collagenous sheath, sorround a central artery.

Term
32.) Functions of Testosterone
Definition

1. stimulating spermatogenesis

2. increases libido

3. promote anabolism

4. maintains 2nd sexual characteristics

5. 70% bound to GBG

6. 30% bound to GBA

7. 1st production at 7th wk, max at 6th month to suppress Mullerian ducts

Term
33.) What pituitary hormone controls testosterone?
Definition
LH - Leutinizing Hormone
Term
34.) What is the broad ligament?
Definition
An extensive mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus.
Term
35.) What is the uterine tube?
Definition

Transports ovum to uterine cavity

Term
36.) What is the infundibulum?
Definition

includes fingerlike projection of uterine tube

Term
37.) Ovulation : What hormone triggers ovulation?
Definition
LH - Leutinizing Hormone
Term
38.) What happens during the secretory and proliferative phases of the menstrual cycle?
Definition

SECRETORY: - gland becomes enlarged, increase secretion and lubrication.

 

PROLIFERATIVE: increased glandular activity

Term
39.) What are menses?
Definition

- Degeneration of functional zone by constriction of spiral arteries. (cause)

 

- Blood pours to connective tissues and enters to the uterine cavity and vagina.

 

- Basilar zone supplied by straight arteries that remains unconstricted - The degeneration occurs gradually last 2-7 days (35-50cc blood lost)

Term
40.) What causes menses?
Definition
- Constriction/ rupture of spiral arteries.
Term
41.) Functions of the vagina?
Definition

- Passageway for menses discharge

 

- Receiving penis and hold sperm

 

- Birth Canal for delivery

Term
42.) Factors needed for both erection and ejaculation occur?
Definition

semen, hydrostatic pressure, contractio nof the skeltal muscle. 

 

ERECTION: When the smooth muscles in the arterial walls relax when NO (nitric oxcide) is released, at which time the vessels dialate, blood flow increases, the vascular channels become engorged with blood.

 

EJACULATION: - Occurs as powerful, rhythmic contractions appear in the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles, two superficial skeletal muscles of the pelvic floor.

Term
43.) What is the difference between emmission and ejaculation?
Definition

 

 

ejaculation = occurs under somatic stimulation.  the ejection of semen from the penis as the result of muscular contractions 2 skeletal muscles (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles). Push semen outside of penis.

 

emission = occurs under symphatetic stimulation.the process begins when the peristaltic contractions of the ampulla push semen to  urethra.

Term
44.) What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?
Definition

estrogens and progesterone,

 

which are steroid hormones (responsible for the thickening of the endometrium and its development and maintenance, respectively.)

Term
45.) Symptoms of menopause
Definition

- Number of follicles decrease, sso estrogen decreases, ovulation stops at 50 YO, no follicles left)

 

- The decrease of estrogen lead to the reduction of size of breast and uterus - osteosporosis, hot flashes, anxiety, depression due to LH

Term
46.) Causes of amenorrhea.
Definition

Primary - deformity of uterus, non-functional ovaries, hormonal disorders S

 

Secondary - pregnancy, illness, stress, starvation (lack of lipid)

 

Pregnancy is the MAIN SECONDARY CAUSE!

Term
47.) What is capacitation?
Definition
process for sperm to become molitile
Term
48.) What is polyspermy?
Definition

2 sperm trying to enter zygote.

 

fertilization by more than one sperm.

Term
50.) What is smegma?
Definition

a waxy material produced by the preputial glands (located in the skin of the neck, the inner surface of the prepuce).

 

production from foreskin of penis

Term
51.) What is the "Broad ligament" of the uterus?
Definition
the wide fold of peritoneum that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis.
Term
[image]
Definition
Testes
Term
[image]
Definition

ovary

Term
[image]
Definition
lung
Term
[image]
Definition
trachae
Term
[image]
Definition
intestine
Term
[image]
Definition
spleen
Term
[image]
Definition
artery/vein
Term
[image]
Definition
liver
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