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A&P I cards
TCC Molina A&P I cards for exam I
71
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
09/15/2009

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the different systems of our bodies?
Definition

                        1.Integumentary System
                        2.Nervous System
                        3.Endocrine System
                        4.Musculoskeletal System
                        5.Circulatory system
                        6.Repiratory System
                        7.Digestive System
                        8.Urinary System
                        9.Reproductive System

 

Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Circulatory System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
Heart, blood vesselsand blood make up this system which transports materials between all cells of the body.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Digestive System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
The stomach, intestines, liver and pancrease make up this system which is responsible for the conversion of food into particles that that can be transported into the body and eliminates some wastes.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Endocrine System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
The thyroid gland and adrenal glands make up this system which is responsible for the coordination of body function through synthesis ad release of regulatory molecules.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Immune System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
The thymus, spleen, and lymphnodes compose this system which is responsible for defending the body against foreign invaders.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Integumentary System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
The skin alone makes up this system as protection from the external environment.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Musculoskeletal System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
Skeletal muscles and bones make up this system which gives us support and the ability to move.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Nervous System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
The brain and spinal cords compose this system which coordinates body functions through electrical signals and the release of regulatory molecules.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Reproductive System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
The ovaries and uterus or the testes make up this system responsible for perpetuation of the species.
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Respiratory System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
This system includes the lungs and airways. This system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
Term
What are the organs or tissues that make up the Urinary System and what functions do they serve as a whole?
Definition
the kidneys and bladder make up this system which is responsible for the maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment and waste removal.
Term
What makes up the basic atom?
Definition
Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons are all part of one of these.
Term
What does the Atomic Number tell us about an element?
Definition
This always tells us the number of protons in an element.
Term
What is an isotope?
Definition
These are the same element with a different number of electrons
Term

What kind of a charge does a Cation have?

 

Definition
This ion has a positive charge
Term
What kind of a charge does an anion have?
Definition
this ion has a negative charge.
Term
What does the mass number tell us about an element?
Definition
This tells us how many protons and neutrons are in an element.
Term
What is an inert substance?
Definition
This is a substance that has a full outer shell and tends not to enter chemical reactions.
Term
How are free radicals formed?
Definition
These are formed when weak bonds split.
Term
What are free radicals?
Definition
These are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, trying to capture the needed electron to gain stability.
Term
What about Free radicals is negative?
Definition
These attack the nearest stable molecule "stealing" its electron. When the "attacked" molecule losses its electron, it will turn into one of these itself beginning a chain reaction. Once the process is started, it can cascade, finally resulting in the disruption of a living cell.
Term
Where do free radicals come from?
Definition
Sometimes the body's immune system's cells purposefully create them to neutralize viruses and bacteria. However, environmental factors such as pollution, radiation, cigarette smoke and herbicides can also spawn these.
Term
What are antioxidants and how do they work?
Definition
These neutralize free radicals by donating one of their own electrons, ending the electron-"stealing" reaction. These nutrients don't become free radicals by donating an electron because they are stable in either form. They act as scavengers, helping to prevent cell and tissue damage that could lead to cellular damage and disease.
Term
Why is vitamin E important?
Definition
This is the most abundant fat-soluable antioxidant in the body. It is one of the most efficient chain-breaking antioxidants available. This is the primary defender against lipid peroxidation.
Term
What is lipid peroxidation?
Definition
This is the creation of unstable molecules containing more oxygen than is usual
Term
Why is vitamin C important?
Definition
This is the most abundant water-soluable antioxidant in the body. It acts primarily in cellular fluid. Of particular note in combating free-radical formation caused by pollution and cigarette smoke. This also helps return vitamin E to its acive form
Term
What does Vitamin E protect against?
Definition
This helps protect against cardiovascular disease by defending against LDL oxidation and artery-clogging plaque formation
Term
What does vitamin C protect against?
Definition
Many studies have correlated high volumes of intake of this with low rates of cancer, particularly cancers of the mouth, larynx and esophagus
Term
What are isomers?
Definition
They are organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties.
Term
What is a base and what is it's purpose?
Definition
 This allows for the maintenance of a fairly narrow range of pH even while another reaction is producing acids or bases. Because it is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, it can react with either acid or base to remove the acid or base from solution.
Term
Describe what the primary structure of protein looks like
Definition
[image]
Term
Describe what the secondary structure of protein looks like
Definition
[image]
Term
Describe what the tertiary structure of protein looks like
Definition
[image]
Term
Describe what the quaternary structure looks like
Definition
[image]
Term
What are the two kinds of Amino Acids?
Definition
DNA and RNA are the two kinds of these.
Term
What is does RNA contain that DNA does not?
Definition
Ribose is contained in this nucleic acid
Term
What is a molecule?
Definition
When two atoms or more of differerent elements are chemically linked together, this is formed
Term
What are the different structural forms of proteins?
Definition
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are the forms of these.
Term
What is the formula for Carbohydrates?
Definition

The formula for this is CH2

O

Term
What are lipids made of?
Definition
These are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Term
What are the four classes of biomolecules?
Definition

1.Carbohydrates

2.Lipids

3.Proteins

4.Nucleic Acids

Term
What is a covalent bond?
Definition
This type of bond occurs when atoms "share" electrons in an attempt to fill the Octet Rule
Term
What is a polar covalent bond?
Definition
This kind of bond occurs when one of the atoms pulls the electrons towards itself, thus the electrons spend more time around one pole.
Term
What is a nonpolar bond?
Definition
This kind of bond is the result of electrons being shared equally.
Term
What is an ionic bond?
Definition
This type of bond is the transfer of electrons instead of sharing
Term
What are hydrogen bonds?
Definition
These are weak bonds that occur between the slightly positive role of one polar molecule and the slightly negative side of another.
Term
What are carbohydrates?
Definition
These are the most immediate source of energy.
Term
What are monosaccharides?
Definition
They are the most basic unit of carbohydrates and have a sweet taste.
Term
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
Definition
Glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose are all examples of these.
Term
What are disaccharides?
Definition
These are two sugars or two monosaccharides that have been chemically bonded
Term
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Definition
Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are examples of these.
Term

What monosaccharides do the following contain?

1.Maltose

2.Sucrose

3.Lactose

Definition

The disaccharides contain the following:

1.Glucose bonded to glucose

2.Glucose bonded to fructose

3.Glucose bonded to Galactose

Term
How do enzymes work?
Definition
These join by a dehydration or condensation reaction.
Term
What is a solution?
Definition
This is the mixture between a solvent and a solute
Term
What is a solvent?
Definition
This is something a solute is mixed in (i.e. water)
Term
What is a solute?
Definition
This is something mixed into a solvent
Term
What are cofactors?
Definition
These help enzymes nake sure some chemical reactions take place.
Term
What is denature?
Definition
This is when a protein is degraded or disruppted by high temperatures.
Term
What is the induced fit model?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is a cofactor?
Definition
A substance, such as a metallic ion or coenzyme, that must be associated with an enzyme for the enzyme to function. These are required for ligand binding at the binding site.
Term
What is proteolytic activation and what are some examples?
Definition
This converts inactive to active form by the removal of part of molecule. Examples: digestive enzymes, protein hormones
Term
What are the modulators and factors that alter binding or activity?
Definition

1.Competetive inhibitor

2.Irreversible inhibitor

3.Allosteric modulator

4.Covalent modulator

5.pH and temperature

Term
What is a competetive inhibitor?
Definition
This competes directly with ligand by binding reversibly to active site.
Term
What is an irreversible inhibitor?
Definition
These bind to binding site and cannot be displaced.
Term
What is an allosteric modulator?
Definition
These bind to proteins away from the binding site and changes activity. These may be inhibitors or activators.
Term
What are covalent modulators?
Definition
These bind covalently to protein and changes its activity.
Term
How do pH and temperature alter binding or activity?
Definition
These alter three-dimensional shapeof enzyme by disrupting hydrogen or S-S bonds. They may be irreversible if protein denatures.
Term
What is dehydration?
Definition
This is when two molecules come together to produce a water
Term
What is hydrolysis?
Definition
This is when water bonds are broken.
Term
What are lipids made of?
Definition
These are made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
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