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A&D 2010: Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity and all that jazz
37
Medical
Professional
01/30/2007

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Term
Define tolerance
Definition
Being unresponsive to a particular antigen (ie, tolerating it in your body)
Term
When does central tolerance occur?
Definition
During the development of lymphocytes (ie, in primary lymphoid organs)
Term
When does peripheral tolerance occur?
Definition
After lymphocytes leave primary lymphoid organs
Term
Where does B and T cell tolerance occur?
Definition
* B cells: bone marrow
* T cells: thymus
Term
Tolerance is characterized by what type of selection process (ie, positive or negative)?
Definition
Negative selection
Term
Mechanism by which clones of lymphocytes are removed (clonal deletion)
Definition
Apoptosis
Term
What is the fate of T cells that don't recognize self MHC?
Definition
Death by neglect (via apoptosis)
Term
Fate of T cells with very high affinity to self MHC
Definition
Death by apoptosis (negative selection)
Term
Fate of T cells with high affinity for self MHC and self antigen
Definition
Death by apoptosis (negative selection)
Term
Define receptor editing in the context of B cell central tolerance
Definition
Reactivation of V(D)J recombinase to assemble B cell receptor (Ig) that does not recognize self MHC and self antigen
Term
Two general mechanisms by which B cells can be inactivated during central tolerance
Definition
* Apoptosis
* Anergy (long-term inactivation)
Term
Purpose of MHC restriction (ie, positive selection) of T cells
Definition
Ensures that T cells recognize antigen only in the context of MHC. (Without MHC restriction, some T cells would be capable of recognizing unpresented antigen in the way that B cells do, and that would be bad.)
Term
Four mechanisms of peripheral tolerance
Definition
* Anergy due to absence of costimulation
* T suppression
* Activation-induced apoptosis (increased Fas expression with persistent activation)
* Lack of presentation
Term
Immune privileged sites
Definition
* CNS (brain, including eye)
* Gonads (testes and ovaries)
* Placenta
Term
How is the prevalence of autoimmune diseases distributed in men and women?
Definition
90% occurs in women (role of estrogen?)
Term
Two general mechanisms of infection leading to autoimmune disease
Definition
* Molecular mimicry
* Molecular induction
Term
Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with what type of self-reactive lymphocytes?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells
Term
Campylobacter jejuni is associated with what autoimmune disorder?
Definition
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Term
Most autoimmune diseases are associated with effector molecules of what type?
Definition
Antibodies
Term
A critical failure in what cell type can lead to autoimmune disease?
Definition
CD4+ T cells
Term
Is rheumatic fever a focal or systemic disease?
Definition
Systemic
Term
Antibody-dependent autoimmune diseases that are either specific to one or two organs or are cell-type specific
Definition
* Grave's disease (thyroid)
* Myasthenia gravis (skeletal muscle)
* Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Term
Myasthenia gravis associated with autoantibodies against what protein?
Definition
Acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction
Term
Grave's disease is associated with an autoantibody that binds to what receptor? What cell type is this receptor found on?
Definition
TSH receptor on thyroid cells
Term
Cold-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia is associated with what type of immunoglobulin?
Definition
IgM
Term
The complement system plays a part in cold- or warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Cold-type
Term
Mechanism of cold-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Definition
IgM binds RBCs at 32 C (cold), which activates complement with intravascular hemolysis
Term
Mechanism of warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Definition
IgG binds RBCs at 37 C (body temp), which are phagocytosed by macrophages, causing extravascular hemolysis
Term
Where does hemolysis occur in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)?
Definition
* Cold-type AIHA: intravascular
* Warm-type AIHA: extravascular
Term
What antibody type is associated with warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Definition
IgG
Term
Which type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by HIV and Mycoplasma pneumonia?
Definition
Cold-type
Term
Lymphoma is associated with what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Cold-type
Term
Infectious mononucleosis is a risk factor for what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Cold-type
Term
What risk factors are common between cold- and warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Definition
HIV
Term
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a risk factor for what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Warm-type
Term
Some types of cancer predispose patients to what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Warm-type
Term
Result of Coombs test in autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Definition
Positive
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