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A Ch. 9
The Cellular Basis of Inheritance
34
Biology
10th Grade
02/03/2009

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Term
Asexual reproduction
Definition
process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent
Term
Sexual reproduction
Definition
process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from wither parent
Term
Chromatin
Definition
combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
Term
Chromosome
Definition
condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide
Term
Sister Chromatid
Definition
one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides
Term
Centromere
Definition
region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together
Term
Cell cycle
Definition
sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces
Term
Interphase
Definition
stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body
Term
Mitotic phase
Definition
stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing
Term
Mitosis
Definition
process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
process by which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two; usually follows mitosis and meiosis
Term
Spindle
Definition
framework of microtubules that guide the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
Term
Centrosome
Definition
region of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contains structures called centrioles
Term
Prophase
Definition
first stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when the already replicated chromosomes condense
Term
Metaphase
Definition
second stage of mitosis and Meiosis I and II when the spindle is fully formed and all of the chromosomes are held in place
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Third phase of mitosis and meiosis I and II, in which the sister chomatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle
Term
Telophase
Definition
final stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the chromosomes reach the spindle poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of daughter chromosomes, and the nucleoli reappear
Term
Cell plate
Definition
disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells
Term
Benign tumor
Definition
mass of cells that remain at their original site
Term
Malignant tumor
Definition
mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division
Term
Cancer
Definition
disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle
Term
Metastasis
Definition
spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body
Term
Meiosis
Definition
type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
Term
Karyotype
Definition
display of a person's 46 chromosomes
Term
Homologous chromosome
Definition
one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent
Term
Sex chromosome
Definition
one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender
Term
Diploid
Definition
having two homologous sets of chromosomes
Term
Gamete
Definition
egg or sperm sec cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair
Term
Haploid
Definition
having a single set of chromosomes
Term
Fertilization
Definition
the fusion of the nuclei and cytoplasm of a haploid sperm cell and haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote
Term
Zygote
Definition
diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell
Term
Tetrad
Definition
group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by the two sister chromatids in each of the two homologous chromosomes
Term
Crossing over
Definition
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
Term
Genetic recombination
Definition
new combination genetic information in gamete as result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
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