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| the "sudden outburst" of diversity in the fossil record that characterizes the beginning of this period (according to evolutionary dating methods), in which representatives of every major animal phylum suddenly appear "out of nowhere"; poses significant problems for the hypothesis of evolution |
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| the study of similarities and differences int he body structure of organisms |
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| a hypothesis, now thoroughly decredited, which asserts that an organism repeats the evolutionary process as it develops in the womb |
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| a social movement originated by some of Darwin's followers which advocates selective breeding and forced sterilization as a means of improving the human species to produce a "master race" |
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| "gradual change"; in biology, the philosophy that all living things developed by natural processes over eons of time, by means of undirected chagnes, from a common siingle-celled ancestor usually assumed to have been produced by spontaneous generation |
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| the remains or impressions of plants, animals, and humans preserved in sedimentary rock |
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| a quasi-religious idea that states that the earth and all the living things that inhabit it constitute a single living thing |
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| a hypothetical sequence of fossils arranged according to the assumptions of the evolutionary time scale, purporting to present a progression from "primitive" to "advanced" organisms |
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| "hopeful monster" hypothesis |
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| a hypothesis of evolution, originally proposed by geneticist Richard Goldschmidt, that argues that evolution occurs as a result of drastic genetic restructurings called macromutations that suddenly change one kind of creature into another |
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| puncuated equilibrium hypothesis |
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