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8th grade - Chapter 10
Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
26
Science
Not Applicable
07/26/2005

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Term
volcano
Definition
a mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastic material
Term
lava
Definition
magma that has reached the earth's surface
Term
vent
Definition
opening to the surface from which lava flows; volcanoes may have more than one vent
Term
crater
Definition
a funnel shaped pit at the tip of a volcanic cone- formed when material is blown out of the vent
Term
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Definition
a major volcanic and earthquake zone located from Iceland through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
Term
Mediterranean Zone
Definition
a major volcanic and earthquake zone which is located from Asia into India [includes Italy, Greece and Turkey]
Term
divergent boundaries
Definition
an area where the earth's plates are moving apart

example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Term
rift
Definition
long deep cracks formed from the separation in a divergent boundary
Term
Convergent boundaries
Definition
an area where the earth's plates are moving together
Term
hot spots
Definition
where magma works its way to the earth's surface within the interior of a plate - magma is forced up and burns through the crustal plate

example: Hawiian Islands
Term
shield volcano
Definition
a wide, gently sloping mountian made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions- example: Mauna Loa in Hawaiian Island
Term
Cinder Cone
Definition
a steep, cone-shaped hill or small mountain made of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs piled up around a volcano's opening example: Paricutin in Mexico
Term
Composite Cone
Definition
a tall cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other volcanic materials

is formed from both quiet and explosive eruptions,example: Mount St. Helens
Term
tephra
Definition
volcanic rock fragments
Term
batholith
Definition
largest INTRUSIVE igneous rock bodies-formed when magma cools underground before reaching the surface
Term
dike
Definition
an intrusive volcanic feature which is a flow of magma that cuts across rock layers - forms when magma is pushed up through cracks in the rock layers - NOT parallel(vertical) to rock layers- tube shaped
Term
sill
Definition
an intrusive volcanic feature which is a flat layer of igneous rock between rock layers - forms when magma flows between rock layers - always parallel to the other layers
Term
laccolith
Definition
an intrusive volcanic feature which is a flat layer of igneous rock between rock layers - forms when magma seeps between layers and continues to fill that space, pushes up ground above it- forms small DOME mountains
Term
caldera
Definition
a large collapsed depression in a volcano


forms when the walls of the crater fall back into the vent or top of a volcano following an erruption
Term
viscosity
Definition
the resistance of a liquid to flowing
Term
Pyroclastic materials
Definition
is the name given to particles made in volcanic eruptions

called tephra or pyroclastics
Term
plutons
Definition
an intrusive igneous structure that results from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath the surface of Earth
Term
geothermal gradient
Definition
the change in temperatuer going deeper into the earth
Term
decompression melting
Definition
meltingn due to a drop in confining pressure that occurs as rock rises
Term
Ring of Fire
Definition
a chain of volcanoes that are located around the edges of the Pacific Basin
Term
Interplate volcanism
Definition
igneous activity that occurs within a tectonic plate away from plate boundaries
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