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5/16 syntactic structure
syntactic structure
47
Literature
Undergraduate 3
05/19/2016

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Term
modifier
Definition
changes the meaning of another element in the structure on which it is dependent
ex: this is a RED ball
Term
complements
Definition
obligatory
Term
adjuncts
Definition
optional
Term
Prepositional Phrase
Definition
PP-preposition+NP
Term
grammaticalization
Definition
get function word from content word
Term
auxiliary verb
Definition
lazy verb
ex: have, had, do, does, did, is, was,were
Term
modal verb
Definition
can, could, will, would, shall, should
Term
mass nouns
Definition
used for objects that cannot be counted
always take a singular verb
Term
subject auxiliary shift in english
Definition
stylistically neutral yes-no question formation
ex: you run- do you run?
Term
finite verbs
Definition
have subject and also tense
Term
non-finite verbs
Definition
have neither subject nor tense
Term
infinitive verb
Definition
to form
ex: to fly
Term
gerund
Definition
ing form
ex: flying planes (operating planes)
Term
participle
Definition
ing form that derives from older end form
ex: flying planes (planes that are flying)
Term
deverbal noun
Definition
a noun form
ex: flying (is my hobby)
Term
aspect
Definition
present tense + progressive aspect-made by verb -ing
Term
present progressive
Definition
S is verb-ing
Term
past progressive
Definition
S was verb-ing
Term
present perfect progressive
Definition
S has been verb -ing
Term
past perfect progressive
Definition
S had been verb -ing
Term
transitive verb
Definition
has to have direct object
-are obligatory transitive
Term
intransitive verb
Definition
does not have a direct object
Term
passive transformation
Definition
object becomes subject
-ex: the plane was flown
Term
linking verb
Definition
a main verb with a subjective complement
ex: is,was,were,are,am,smell,look,taste,remain,feel,appear,sound,seem,become,grow,stand,turn
Term
valence
Definition
refers to 2 distinct things in morphology
Term
syntactic valence
Definition
whether a verb has a subject,object,two objects
-no meaning on their own-function structure
Term
semantic valence
Definition
what semantic roles can be expressed by a verbs subject (or object): agent, instrument, patient
Term
impersonal verb
Definition
special subtype of intransitive verb where only a pleonastic subject appears with the verb
ex:it is raining
Term
subject obligatory language
Definition
need a pleonastic subject
Term
intransitive verb
Definition
cannot have an object compliment
Term
labile verb
Definition
a verb that has two distinct syntactic valences; an intransitive verb that acquires an active, transitive second meaning
ex: the lettuce wilted
Term
primary intransitive meaning
Definition
the lettuce wilted
Term
causative transitive
Definition
the cook wilted the lettuce
Term
transitive verb
Definition
has an objective complement
Term
obligatory transitive
Definition
object can't undergo ellipsis
ex: I make a good cook (can't substitute I make him)
Term
deobjectively
Definition
the logical idea remains the same but the object can be dropped
-ex: I wrote a letter-I wrote
Term
verb government
Definition
a general term for categorizing what syntactic material a given main verb requires in the phrase it heads
Term
thematic role
Definition
the meaning category that the arguments of a verb express -needed to describe the semantic valence of a verb
ex: the hunter(agent) killed the wolf(patient) with a spear(instrument)
Term
voice(diathesis)
Definition
a grammatical category of verb forms that involves both syntactic and semantic valency
Term
active
Definition
transitive verb with actor subject and undergoer object
Term
passive
Definition
intransitive verb form composed of Aux+past participle
Term
dynamic passive verb
Definition
get passive-used to focus attention on the thing that is an undergoer
ex:the grass gets cut
Term
resultative verb form
Definition
not talking about an action, but about what state it is in
ex: the window's open
Term
static passive verb
Definition
be(be passive)
ex: the grass is cut
Term
Anti-Causative Lability
Definition
the window broke
Term
deobjective lability
Definition
I wrote a letter-I wrote
Term
pro-drop
Definition
allowing a pronoun subject (or object) to be elided
-English, Russian, German do NOT do this
-Spanish is a pro-drop language-most languages are pro-drop
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