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3) CH 11 understanding responces
Psychiatric Nursing - FSCJ Nursing program 2012
35
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
02/11/2012

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Term
what are stressors?
Definition
. Stressors are psychological or physical stimuli that are incompatible with current functioning and require adaptation.
Term
what is fight-or-flight response
Definition
the body's way of preparing for a situation an individual perceives as a threat to survival. This response results in increased blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output.
Term
who is responcible for the "fight or flight" theory?
Definition
Walter Cannon (1871–1945)
Term
what is a male's neural responce to stress?
Definition
men experience altered prefrontal blood flow and increased salivary cortisol in response to stress
Term
what is a female's neural response to stress?
Definition
women experience increased limbic (emotional) activity and less significantly altered salivary cortisol
Term
which theorist worked on the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Definition
Hans Selye (1907–1982
Term
3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrom (GAS)
Definition
1. The alarm (or acute stress) stage is the initial, brief, and adaptive response (fight or flight) to the stressor.

The resistance stage could also be called the adaptation stage, because it is during this time sustained and optimal resistance to the stressor occurs. Usually stressors are successfully overcome; however, when they are not, the organism may experience the final exhaustion stage.

3. The exhaustion stage occurs when attempts to resist the stressor prove futile. At this point, resources are depleted, and the stress may become chronic, producing a wide array of psychological and physiological responses and even death.
Term
according to GAS can the body differentiate between positive and negative stimuli?
Definition
no, the stress response is the same.
Term
describe distress
Definition
Distress is a negative, draining energy that results in anxiety, depression, confusion, helplessness, hopelessness, and fatigue. Distress may be caused by such stressors as a death in the family, financial overload, or school/work demands
Term
describe Eustress
Definition
Eustress is a positive, beneficial energy that motivates and results in feelings of happiness, hopefulness, and purposeful movement. Eustress may be the result of a much-needed vacation, being called in for an interview, the birth of a baby, or buying a new car. Eustress could lead to a depletion of physiological resources if sustained, but (fortunately/unfortunately) one does not typically become chronically happy and motivated.
Term
Name 4 effects of Acute stress on the body
Definition
uneasiness/concern
sadness
loss of appetite
immune suppression
increased metabolism/fat use
infertility
increased energy use
increased C/V tone
Increased cardiopulmonary tone
Term
Name 5 effects of chronic stress on the body
Definition
anxiety/panic attacks
depression
anorexia
over eating
lowered immune responce
diabetes
hypertension
amenorrhea
lack of sex drive
impotence
fatigue
irritability
decreased memory/learning functions
increased risk for C/V issues (heart attack, ect)
increased risk of blood clots
increased respiratory problem.
Term
what chemical is a brain catecholamine that plays an important role in mood, sleep, sexuality, appetite, and metabolism.
Definition
serotonin
Term
During times of stress, serotonin synthesis ... does what?
Definition
becomes more active
Term
Which stress model helps explain what many researchers and clinicians have believed and witnessed for centuries: there are links among stress (biopsychosocial), the immune system, and disease—a clear mind-body connection that may alter health outcomes.
Definition
psychoneuroimmunology
Term
stressors can be divided into what two categories
Definition
physical and psychological
Term
what are Physical stressors?
Definition
environmental conditions (e.g., trauma and excessive cold or heat), as well as physical conditions (e.g., infection, hemorrhage, hunger, and pain).
Term
what are psychological stressors?
Definition
divorce, loss of a job, unmanageable debt, the death of a loved one, retirement, and fear of a terrorist attack, as well as changes we might consider positive, such as marriage, the arrival of a new baby, or unexpected success.
Term
what determines the person's emotional and psychological reactions to a stressor?
Definition
perception
Term
name 3 effective stress reducing activities
Definition
sleep
exercise
reducing/stoping caffeine
music
pets
massage
sex
Term
problem solving, using social support, and reframing/redefining the situation to see both sides... are what type of stressr response?
Definition
Positive
Term
avoidance, self-blame, and wishful thinking are what type of stress response?
Definition
negative
Term
what is meditation
Definition
It is a discipline for training the mind to develop greater calm and then using that calm to bring penetrative insight into one's experience. Meditation can be used to help people reach their deep inner resources for healing, calm the mind, and operate more efficiently in the world. It can help people develop strategies to cope with stress, make sensible adaptive choices under pressure, and feel more engaged in life
Term
what is guided imagery?
Definition
a process whereby a person is led to envision images that are both calming and health enhancing and can be used in conjunction with Benson's relaxation technique. The content of the imagery exercises is shaped by the person helping with the imagery process.
Term
what provides immediate and exact information regarding muscle activity, brain waves, skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and other bodily functions?
Definition
biofeedback
Term
what has been found to be positively correlated with greater positive affect and higher self-esteem ?
Definition
cognitive reframing
Term
what is the goal of cognitive reframing?
Definition
The goal of cognitive reframing is to change the individual's perceptions of stress by reassessing a situation and replacing irrational beliefs (“I can't pass this course.”) with more positive self-statements (“If I choose to study for this course, I will increase my chances of success.”).
Term
what concept is based on the premise that we are not aware of ourselves moment-to-moment but operate on a sort of mental autopilot?
Definition
mindfulness
Term
what is a technique that can ease worry and obsession, help identify hopes and fears, increase energy levels and confidence, and facilitate the grieving process by keeping a diary?
Definition
journaling
Term
what concept is based on the premise that we are not aware of ourselves moment-to-moment but operate on a sort of mental autopilot?
Definition
mindfulness
Term
1. The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing a crisis. Which symptoms would indicate that the patient is in the stage of alarm?

1. Constricted pupils

2. Dry mouth

3. Decrease in heart rate

4. Sudden drop in blood pressure
Definition
2
Term
2. If it is determined that a patient will benefit from guided imagery, what teaching should the nurse provide?

1. Focus on a visual object or sound.

2. Become acutely aware of your breathing pattern.

3. Envision an image of a place that is peaceful.

4. Develop deep abdominal breathing.
Definition
3
Term
3. A patient is going to undergo biofeedback. Which patient statement requires further teaching by the nurse?

1. “This will measure my muscle activity, heart rate, and blood pressure.”

2. “It will help me recognize how my body responds to stress.”

3. “I will feel a small shock of electricity if I tell a lie.”

4. “The instruments will know if my skin temperature changes.”
Definition
3
Term
4. A patient has told the nurse that she knows she is going to lose her job, which scares her because she needs to work to pay her bills. Which nursing response reflects the positive stress response of problem solving?

1. “What are your plans to find a new job?”

2. “Can you call your parents to support you during this time?”

3. “Is it possible that this job loss is an opportunity to find a better paying job?”

4. “I'm sure everything will turn out just fine.”
Definition
1
Term
5. The nurse is caring for four patients. Which patient would be at highest risk for psychosocial compromise? The patient who has experienced:

1. the death of a friend.

2. a divorce.

3. a recent job layoff.

4. the death of a spouse.
Definition
4
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