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382Midterm/FunCohort
Pharmacology
107
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
01/28/2011

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Cards

Term
What is the function of Bethanechol (Urecholine)?
Definition
relaxes the urinary sphincter and increases voiding pressure
Term
Bethanechol (Urecholine) is contraindicated with ...
Definition
any physical obstruction of the urinary tract, such as an enlarged prostate gland.
Term
Anticholinergics increase or decrease secretions?
Definition
Anticholinergics decrease secretions
Term
How does an anticholinergic drug affect the heart rate?
Definition
Anticholinergic drugs increase the heart rate
Term
Benztropine (Cogentin) is a anticholinergic drug. If a client has tachycardia should they receive Benztropine (Cogentin)?
Definition
No. Benztropine (Cogentin) will increase the heart rate.
Term
Should an anticholinergic drug be given to a client with glaucoma?
Definition
No. Anticholinergic drugs can increase the pressure in the eye.
Term
True or False?
Anticholinergic drugs can increase urinary hesitancy/retention.
Definition
True
Term
True or False?
Anticholinergics slow gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can increase the risk for constipation
Definition
True
Term
If medication cannot manufacture new neurotransmitters, what affect do they have on existing neurotransmitters?
Definition
Medication can only increase or decrease a neurotransmitters action.
Term
The somatic nervous system controls ...
Definition
voluntary movement.
Term
Relaxation of the bladder and pupil dilation are regulated by which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
Sympathetic nervous system
Term
Adrenergic receptors are found within which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
The sympathetic nervous system
Term
The sympathetic nervous system activation produces what type of response?
Definition
"fight-or-flight" response
Term
Beta1 and Beta2 receptors are located on...
Definition
Sympathetic target organs
Term
Nicotinic receptors are found at the ganglionic synapse of ...
Definition
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Term
Adrenergic antagonist (sympatholytics)
Definition
inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
True or False?
Adrenergic antagonists (sympatholytics) block adrenergic receptors and cholinergic receptors?
Definition
False.
They block adrenergic receptors, NOT cholinergic receptors.
Term
Atropine
Definition
a cholinergic-blocking agent that occupies muscarinic receptors
Term
Anticholinergic agents inhibit the effects of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
The parasympathetic nervous system.
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
a disease where seizures occur on a chronic basis
Term
Once seizures are controlled, how long are clients continued on the antiseizure drug?
Definition
Indefinitely
Term
True or False.
Epilepsy and associated seizures are NOT curable with medications.
Definition
True
Term
Absence seizures
Definition
Last a few seconds, and are seen most often in children.
Formerly known as petit mal.
Term
The drug of choice for absence seizures is ...
Definition
Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
Term
When a client is prescribed Phenytoin (Dilantin), what needs to be monitored and why?
Definition
blood levels must be monitored to ensure a therapeutic level and to prevent toxicity due to the fact that it has a vary narrow therapeutic range
Term
When diazepam is given intravenously (IV), what is one of your top priorities?
Definition
Perform respiratory assessments. Respiratory depression is common with diazepam (IV).
Term
Valproic acid (Depakene)has what affect on bleeding time?
Definition
it prolongs bleeding time
Term
Seizure medication must be withdrawn over a period of how many weeks and why?
Definition
6 to 12 weeks to prevent seizures from reoccurring.
Term
If a client is taking Phenytoin (Dilantin), why might the client need additional insulin?
Definition
Phenytonin (Dilantin) can increase serum glucose levels.
Term
How does hypovolemic shock effect blood pressure, heart rate, pulse characteristic, and respirations?
Definition
Blood pressure is low, heart rate may be rapid, pulse is thready, and breathing is rapid and shallow.
Term
What happens when you mix valproic acid (Depakene) syrup with carbonated breaverages
Definition
It will trigger immediate release of the drug, which causes severe mouth and throat irritation.
Term
What affects does Phenobarbital (Luminal) have with GABA?
Definition
Phenobarbital (Luminal) enhances the action of GABA.
Term
GABA is responsible for ...
Definition
suppressing abnormal neuronal discharges that can cause epilepsy
Term
Elderly clients are at risk for cumulative effects of barbiturates due to what?
Definition
Diminished hepatic and renal function.
Term
True or False
Several things, including bacterial infections, can cause seizures.
Definition
True
Term
Which vitamin would most likely be deficient in a patient with seizures who is taking barbiturates?
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
Dilantin affects the metabolism of which vitamin
Definition
Vitamin K
Term
Depakote, Valium, and Dilantin can be effective for which type of seizures.
Definition
Tonic-clonic seizures
Term
Why would Dilantin frequently be administered IV rather than PO?
Definition
Dilantin PO has slow and variable absorption rates.
Term
True or False
There are no side effects/adverse effects if Dilantin extravasates.
Definition
False
If Dilantin extravasates, serious soft tissue damage can result
Term
Storage of cholesterol in the lining of coronary blood vessels contributes to ...
Definition
plaque build up and atherosclerosis; this contributes significantly to coronary artery disease.
Term
Reverse cholesterol transport
Definition
a process where HDL assists in the transport of cholesterol away from body tissues and back to the liver.
Term
Concurrent administration of atorvastatin (Lipitor) and ketoconazole (Nizoral) can increase the risk of ...
Definition
rhabdomyolysis
Term
Why must other drugs be administered more than two hours before, or four hours after, the client takes cholestryamine (Questran)
Definition
Because it can bind to other drugs and interfere with their absorption.
Term
What should be taken into consideration when administering gemfibrozil (Lopid)?
Definition
It should be administered with food to decrease gastrointestinal distress.
Term
Lipids are carried through the blood as ...
Definition
lipoproteins
Term
With statin drugs, the nurse must assess for ...
Definition
complaints of muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness as this could indicate a type of myopathy known as rhabdomyolysis
Term
Rhabdomyolysis
Definition
condition where contents of muscle cells spill into the systemic circulation causing potentially fatal, acute renal failure.
Term
Renal failure is when urine output is less than how many mL per hour?
Definition
30mL/hour
Term
Why is assessment of the bowel sounds a priority when administering cholestryamine (Questran)?
Definition
Because cholestryamine (Questran) could cause obstruction of the intestines
Term
Why might taking one aspirin tablet thirty minute prior to niacin administration be helpful?
Definition
Because aspirin can reduce the uncomfortable flushing affect that is associated with niacin administration.
aspirin decrease the prostaglandin release that causes the flushing effect.
Term
Triglycerides account for ____ percent of the lipids in the body, and serves as an important energy source.
Definition
90 percent.
Term
Three factors affecting blood pressure
Definition
- blood volume
- blood viscosity
- resistance to blood flow
Term
How do diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) decrease blood pressure?
Definition
by decreasing total blood volume
Term
HMG-CoA reductase
Definition
essential for cholesterol biosynthesis
Term
True or False
Statins work by stimulating the enzyme HMG-CoA
Definition
False
Statins work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA
Term
What affect does hypokalemia cause by hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL), a diuretic, have on digoxin (Lanoxin)
Definition
It may increase digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity
Term
What is the normal potassium range?
Definition
3.5 to 5.2 mEq/L
Term
What kind of juice should be avoided with a lot of medications?
Definition
Grapefruit juice
Term
Do direct vasodilators produce reflex tachycardia or reflex bradycardia?
Definition
Vasodilators produce reflex tachycardia. It is a compensatory response to the sudden decrease in blood pressure caused by the drug.
Direct vasodilators produce hypotension and tachycardia, not bradycardia
Term
True or False
Crackles in the lungs can indicate pulmonary edema which could indicate heart failure.
Definition
True
Term
atenolol (Tenormin) lowers blood pressure by doing what?
Definition
reducing heart rate
Term
A patient on thiazide diuretics should be monitored for what?
Definition
Hypokalemia
Term
The use of ACE inhibitors can lead to neutropenia, the client should be monitored for this side effect by having what measured?
Definition
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
Term
Beta-blockers are contraindicated for clients with what?
Definition
Chronic Bronchitis
Term
Two common adverse effects associated with digoxin (lanoxin) are ....
Definition
Anorexia and nausea
Term
What drug may produce a first-dose phenomenon resulting in profound hypotension, which may result in synocop?
Definition
enalapril (Vasotec)
Term
What is reflex tachycardia?
Definition
A compensatory response to a sudden decrease in blood pressure.
Term
Which type of drugs may produce reflex tachycardia?
Definition
Direct vasodilators.
Term
True or False
Some calcium channel blockers can reduce myocardial contractility and can worsen heart failure.
Definition
True
Term
Which type of receptors is doxazosin (Cardura) selective for blocking? And what is the result?
Definition
Alpha-1 in the vascular smooth muscle, which results in dilation of arteries and veins.
Term
What conditions can result an interaction with furosemide (Lasix) and digoxin (Lanoxin)? And what is the effect on the toxicity of digoxin?
Definition
Hypokalemia and Hypocalcemia.
It will increase a client's risk for digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity.
Term
How many pounds gained in 24 hours is considered a significant amount of weight change?
Definition
2lbs
Term
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac output?
Definition
By increasing the force of contraction.
Term
What is the action of carvedilol (Coreg)?
Definition
Increases myocardial contractility in a patient with heart failure.
Term
How often should nitroglycerine (Nitrostat) tablets be taken and what is the maximum dose?
Definition
1 tablet every 5 mins, and no more than three doses.
Term
What is the primary action of antianginal drugs?
Definition
To reduce the myocardial demand for oxygen to decrease the frequency of angina episodes.
Term
Amiodarone (Cordarone) has what affect on serum digoxin levels?
Definition
Amiodarone (Cordarone) can increase serum digoxin levels by as much as 70% resulting in digoxin toxicity.
Term
Which conditions should be corrected prior to initiating therapy with amiodarone (Cordarone)?
Definition
Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia
Term
What is the drug of choice for PSVT?
What is PSVT?
Definition
Adenosine
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Term
What is the antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) overdose?
What is the international normalized ratio for the antidote?
Definition
Vitamin K
INR of 7
Term
What is the correct method of administration of enoxaparin (Lovenox)?
Definition
In the abdomen, subQ.
Term
A low blood pressure and low red blood cell count in the client could indicate what?
Definition
Internal bleeding.
Term
In combination with warfarin, what is garlic's effect?
Definition
Garlic has been shown to produce an anticoagulant effect by decreasing the aggregation of platelets.
Term
How are inotropic medications administered?
How should inotropic medications be infused?
Definition
They should be administered based on micrograms per kilograms per minute.
They should be infused via an IV pump.
Term
How are colloids different from crystalloids?
Definition
Colloids are too large to cross membranes.
Term
3 vasoconstrictors used to treat shock
Definition
Norepinephrine (Levophed)
Mephentermine (Wyamine)
Phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine)
Term
What is norepinephrine's mechanism of action?
Definition
To produce vasoconstriction.
Term
When a client has severe renal failure, what should a nurse consider about the dosage?
Definition
May need to reduce it because average doses of medication can have mortal consequences.
Term
True or False
For a client in chronic renal failure taking hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), hearing wheezes in the lungs is a sign that the HCTZ is ineffective.
Definition
True
Term
Concurrent use of spironolactone (Aldactone)and ACE inhibitors may predispose the client to what?
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Term
What is the best assessment question for oxymetazoline (Afrin) and why?
Definition
Ask about the length of treatment because it can cause rebound congestion if used for too long.
Term
What is the priority of the nurse when administering psuedophedrine (Sudafed)and why?
Definition
Assessing BP because it is a vasoconstrictor.
Term
What is the common side effect of antihistamines?
Definition
Sedation
Term
What is an anticholoinergic effect of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and what is the nurses responsibility?
Definition
Its effect is urinary hesitancy so the nurse should report this to the physician.
Term
Is it common for intranasal glucocorticoids to produce any adverse effects?
Name one intranasal glucocorticoids that Deb would like us to know *Hint* use your fact to remember :)
Definition
No, they almost never produce any serious adverse effects.
Beclomethasone (Beconase)
Term
What is ipratropium bromide (atrovent) classification?
A nurse should use caution administering this drug to any patient with what condition?
Definition
Anticholinergic
Glaucoma
Term
If a client is taking theophylline and is complaing of nausea and vomiting, what does this indicate?
Definition
Theophylline toxicity. Client should go to a clinic and be assessed!
Term
What is the side affect that Deb wants us to know about isoproterenol (Isuprel)
Definition
Hyperglycemia
Term
What does salmeterol (Serevent) prevent and when should it be taken?
Definition
to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm and should be taken 30-60 minutes prior to physical activity.
Term
When are glucocorticoids contraindicated and why?
Definition
They are contraindicated when an active infection is present (i.e. MRSA) because they can mask the signs of infection.
Term
What is the most common route of administration (according to Deb)and why?
Definition
Inhalation. it is rapid, and allows for quick absorption to direct airway.
Term
What is the primary use of Leukotriene modifiers?
Definition
They are used primarily for prophylaxis and reducing inflammatory components, used for asthma
Term
Which type of drugs can weaken the immune system and cause candidiasis of the throat?
Definition
Glucocorticoids
Term
What is the primary action of beta-adrenergic agonists?
What is an adverse effect of a beta-adrenergic agonist?
Definition
To relax smooth muscle.

Tachycardia
Term
What is one adverse effect of salmeterol that Deb wants us to know?
What can this adverse effect lead to?
Definition
Tachycardia, and it can lead to more adverse effects.
Term
What must you do to intravenous lines of 5% dextrose in water (D5W)to prevent emboli?
Definition
IV lines must be flushed with saline and using an intravenous filter will trap any precipitate that occurs.
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