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322 final
study
22
History
Undergraduate 3
05/06/2012

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Cards

Term
Skeptikal Chymist
Definition
  • Written by Boyle, known as his most famous work
  • published in 1661
  • attacks Aristotelian elemental theory
  • attacks primative alchemy theory
  • first thought to be a complete attack on Alchemy but turned out Boyle had his own interest and ideas in Alchemy
Term
William Harvey
Definition
  • Discovered the circulation of the blood in 1616
  • Used math to disprove popular ideas about motion of blood
  • physiological experiments to demonstrate the
    motion of the blood
Term
Iatrochemistry
Definition
  • Followed the combination of Alchemy and medicine
  • Suppose to describe all workings of the body in
    terms of chemical processes
  • Chemical remedies were "manufactured"
  • 'Frank Woods' founded Iatrochemical medicine
Term

 

Thomas Hobbes

 

Definition
  • Knows and reads Descartes, but ultimately rejects
  • Descartes’ dualism
  • Agrees more with Galileo & Gassendi
  • University trained but no advanced degree
  • enemies by attacking universities in Leviathan
  • Responds to English Rev. with extreme anti-spiritualist
    philosophy
  •  Criticised Boyles work
Term
Robert Boyle
Definition
  • Born in Waterford, Ireland
  • part of the Invisible College
  • Developed Ideas on air
    • Sound does'nt travel in a vacuum
    • life requires air
    • flame requires air
    • air is able to compress
  • Wrote the Skeptical Chemist
  • Helped foun the Royal Society
  • Studied Alchemy - sought the 'Philosophers Stone'
Term

Invisible College

 

Definition
  • Unofficial gathering of like minded natural philosophers
  • eventually becomes the ‘Oxford Experimental Philosophy Clubb’
  • John Wilkins was the initial leader
  • members included:
    • JohnWallis
    • SethWard
    • ChristopherWren
    • Robert Boyle
Term
Boyle's Law
Definition
  • First seen in the appendix of New Experiments
    Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air
    and its Effects
  • For any stable quantity gas at a constant temperature,
    the volume and pressure are inversely proportional

P1/V1 = P2/V2

Term
Royal Society
Definition
  • Boyle helped to found
  • Boyle uses the Royal Society to deminish Hobbes ideas
  • Ultimate authority for all things natural Philisophical
  • Boyle uses this group to further credit his own ideas
Term
Principia
Definition
  • Published in 1686, showed Newtons ideas
  • Book 1 - laws of motion and pricipal mechanics
  • Book 2 - Fluid Dynamics
  • Book 3 - the System of theWorld, sets out universal
    gravitation
  • Newton planned on adding his ideas on ancient theories but never did.
Term

Enlightenment / aufklarung

 

Definition
  • aufklarung-coined by Immanuel Kant
  • began late 17th C. and ended late 18th C.
  • Born of ideas of Natural Philosophy
  • Order in nature is both discoverable and describable
  • Highlights the ideas of 'Reason'
  • used intellectual faculties alone in developing theoretical concepts, especially in theology
  • Use of observation and expermintation was important in proving or disproving theories
  • Consisted of many famous/important people
    • i.e. Thomas Jefferson, John Locke, Edmund Burke, Adam Smith, Thomas Reid...etc
Term

Herman Boerhaave

 

Definition
  • Dutch physician
  • Created a medical curriculum which instituted ‘chemistry’ as a specific discipline within medicine
  • He called it ‘experimental medicine’
  • Distributed this idea to thousands of students over the course of 40 years of teaching
Term
Chemical Revolution
Definition
  • late 18th C.
  • but also developed from 16th C.
  • Finally allowed Chemistry to be established as its own discipline
  • prior to late 18th C. chemistry was always thought as a small part of other disciplines
  • van Helmont
    • father of pneumatic chemistry
    • Plant metabolism, Digestion
Term
Oxygen
Definition
  • Discovered by Michael Sendivogius, Polish alchemist
Term
William Cullen
Definition
  • eraly 18th C. to late 18th C.
  • Student of Charles Alston
  • Questioned the standard belief that evaporation was the process of a liquid ‘dissolving’ in air
  • he successfully evaporated liquids in a vacuum
  • Questions why liquids after evaporation become cooler
Term
Joseph Black
Definition
  • mid 18thC. to late 18th C.
  • Student of William Cullen
  • coined term 'latent heat'
    • energy stored during a chemical reaction
  • Made theorys on why alcohol boils at lower temp than water
Term
Air
Definition
  • prior to the 17th C. air was almost always treated as a uniform substance
  • observations were made by Sendivogius and van Helmont about air in 17th C. but not pursued
  • 18th C. when air finaly explored
  • Robert Jacques Turgot:
    • coined: ‘expansibility’ and ‘vaporization’
    • air expands w/o limit
    • All substances can be vaporized, and when in a vaporous state also expanded w/o limit
    • Distinguished b/w vaporization and evaporation
Term

 

phlogiston

 

Definition
  • First propsed by Johannes Becher 'terra pinguis' in late 17th C.
  • Georg Ernst Stahl changed term to phlogiston
  • refers to the combustible element in matter
    • i.e. wood/paper not stone
  • ‘Phlogisticated air’ = combustible air
  • Lavoisier created theories:
    • Lead + common air -> calx of lead
    • Calx of lead + charcoal -> lead + fixed air
    • Modern terms:
    • 2Pb + O2 -> 2PbO
    • 2PbO + C -> 2Pb + CO2
Term
Calx
Definition
  • residue left over after thermal decomposition (usually of metals)
  • known in 18th C. as combustion w/o Coal
  • Calx would be leftover after phlogiston
Term

inflammable air

 

Definition
  • first described by Henry Cavendish (1731-1810)
  • Combined various metals with sulfuric acid and
    captured the resulting gases
  • inflammable air has lower density than regular air
  • Noted that when inflammable air was combined with
    dephlogisticated air, some kind of ‘dew’ formed
Term

 

dephlogisticated air

 

Definition
  • discovered by Joseph Priestley by heating mecuricoxide to find the product is better for breathing than 'common air'
  • dephlogisticated air = O2 (pure oxygen)

  • thought by Antoine Lavoisier that O2 is what caused substances to be acidic (NOT TRUE)
  • When combined with inflammable air creates water.
Term

Laura Bassi

 

Definition
  • 1711-1778
  • Professor of Anatomy at Bologna 1731
  • Largely credited with introduction of Newton physics in Italy
  • Only woman to be included in the Benedictines
  • Professor of Experimental Physics 1765
Term

 

Francesco Redi

 

Definition
  • 1626-1697
  • Italian Physician
  • Known for the 'Meatloaf Experiement' (germ theory)
  • his theories didn't catch on because of mechanical philosophy
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