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3129 Cancer
n/a
41
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
07/15/2014

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Cards

Term
What types of mutations occur in the cancer cell?
Definition
signal from cell surface receptor is in on position; mutation in ras intracellular signaling protein; activation of protein kinases; inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (p53)
Term
Describe Ras signaling
Definition
causes cell growth and differentiation; mutation can cause inappropriate transmission signals inside a cell
Term
What allows cancer cells to divide indefinitely?
Definition
telomerase gene is turned on producing an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres so instead of division stopping when the telomeres are gone it can continue
Term
What is the benefit of the G0 phrase?
Definition
helps us understand cancer treatment protocols with rounds of treatment
Term
How are cancer cells able to migrate to other areas of the body?
Definition
Low levels of fibronectin
Term
Define angiogenesis
Definition
ability to create a blood supply
Term
What substance do bacteria use to get their nutrition?
Definition
iron
Term
What is the result of cancer cells that produce plasminogen activating factor?
Definition
production of fibrin that degrades extracellular tissue during tumor invasion
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
epithelial tissue
Definition
carcinoma
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
CT
Definition
sarcoma
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
glandular
Definition
adenoma
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
CNS tissue
Definition
glioma
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
lymphatic tissue
Definition
lymphoma
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
bone marrow
Definition
leukemia
Term
Describe the aspects of the TNM system
Definition
Tumore, Node, Metastasis
Term
ID cancer stage:
cancer is confined to organ of origin
Definition
stage 1
Term
ID cancer stage:
locally invasive
Definition
2
Term
ID cancer stage:
regional structures
Definition
3
Term
ID cancer stage:
distant sites
Definition
4
Term
What are the two theories regarding carcinogenesis?
Definition
monoclonal (single mutated cell is great grandfather of tumor); cell accidents (several cell accidents occur resulting in tumor development)
Term
Describe xenobiotics
Definition
chemical found in an organism that is not expected to be there;
Term
Describe the tumor immune surveillance theory of carcinogenesis
Definition
the immune system can recognize tumor cells and kill them
Term
What are the two important steps of metastasis?
Definition
penetration into lyphatics, blood vessels or body cavities; transport into lymph or blood
Term
What are the 4 common sites of distant mesastasis?
Definition
lungs, liver, bones and brain
Term
Pain is more likely to occur in what kind of stages of cancer?
Definition
Advanced
Term
What is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment?
Definition
fatigue
Term
What is the most severe form of malnutrition related to cancer?
Definition
cachexia
Term
Describe cachexia
Definition
present in 80% of cancer patients at death; results in wasting/emaciation; anorexia-cachexia is common cause of cancer death; early satiety
Term
Describe tumor necrosis factor
Definition
Cachectin; natural production is protective, defense against infection, destruction of malignant cells
Term
What is the result of unregulated production of cachectin?
Definition
wasting, cachexia inflammatory/autoimmune disease; septic shock
Term
What is an important risk factor regarding cancer related infection?
Definition
Malnutrition
Term
Describe paraneoplastic syndromes
Definition
symptom complexes that can't be explained by local or distant spread of the tumor
Term
What are examples of paraneoplastic syndromes?
Definition
endocrinopathies (cushing syndrome, polycythemia), dermatologic disorders, nephrotic syndrome
Term
What is often used to treat praneoplastic syndrome?
Definition
anti-gout meds (allopinurinal)-an antiurecemic
Term
What are two possible results of cortisol secretion?
Definition
hyperglycemia and repressed immune function
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
independence from normal cellular controls
Definition
autonomy
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
loss of differentiation and development of specialized functions
Definition
anaplasia
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
process by which normal cells become cancerous
Definition
transformation
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
division in an uncoordinated fashion, invading and destroying neighboring tissue
Definition
progression
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
local increase in cellular number
Definition
hyperplasia
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
variation of cell shape and size
Definition
dysplasia
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