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307C_Exam 3:
Seizures and antiepleptic drugs
21
Nursing
Graduate
11/30/2014

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Cards

Term

Tonic

 

vs

 

Clonic 

Definition
  • Tonic - intense muscle stiffining 
  • Clonic - rhytymic jerking of muscles 
Term
What is a prodroma?
Definition
A prodroma is an early manifestation of a seizure that can occur hours or days before the seizure
Term

What are the types of Focal (partial) Seizures? 

Describe them. 

Definition
  1. Simple - without LOC, usually motor involvement limited to one area, clinic in nature
  2. Complex - with LOC, may be amnesic to the event, usually involves the temporal and frontal lobes (automatisms - lip smacking, swallowing, fumbling, scratching, walking around)
  3. Secondarily generalized - partial onset that progresses to generalized tonic clonic and usually has a LOC 
Term

What are the type of generalized seizures? 

Decribe them. 

Definition
  1. Myoclonic Seizure - sudden brief (<1sec) shock like jerks of the muscles
  2. Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure - alternating stiffining and jerking of the muscles, with LOC
  3. Atonic Seizirues (Drop Attack) - sudden loss of body tone and posture, may involve LOC 
Term
What is the treatment for Absence (Petit-Mal) Seizures
Definition

Ethosuximide

       (Calcium Channel Blocker) 

Valporic Acid (Depakote/Depakene) 

       (Potentiates GABA, inhibits glutamine, blocks NA/CA          channels, enhances K channels) (BBW for pancreatitis        and hepatotoxicity) 

Term
What is thetreatment of Tonic-Clonic (Grand-Mal) Seizures
Definition

Valporic Acid (Depakote/Depakene)

         (Potentites GABA, inhibits glutamine, blocks NA/CA           channels and enhances K channels) (BBW for                   hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis) (competes for                   binding with other AEDs)

Lamotirgine (Lamictil)

        (Glutamine acid antagonist and blocks NA/CA                   channels)

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

Term

Status

Definition

Treatment 

Definition

Status = when patient does not return to baseline in between seizures

 

Treatment = Benzos and Barbituates (Ativan, Valium, Phenobarbitol, Phenytoin) 

Term

Patho of Seizures 

- Occurs in neuros that have                                                     and sudden changes in                                     making them more easily stimulated and permeable 

 

- As                   neuros are activated, Clonic phase is noted

- Associated with decreased                and increased           

Definition

- Occurs in neuros that have Paroxymal Depolarization Shifts and sudden changes in membrane potential making them more easily stimulated and permeable 

 

- As inhibitory neuros are acticated, Clonic phase is noted

 

- Associated with decreased GABA and increased GLUTAMINE

 

Term

Phenobarbital 

 

- Class

- MOA

- Considerations 

Definition

Phenobarital

- Barbituate

- MOA:

     Potentiates GABA

     Inhibits glutamine 

     Blocks NA channels

     Stimulates chloride channels

- Considerations: not 1st line, only used when benzos don't work becuase it causes sedation that usually requires intubation 

Term
What is primidone's MOA and what does it treat?
Definition
  • Metabolized to phenomarbital and acts like phenotoyn
  • Treats essential tremors 
Term

Phenytoin (Dilaton)

Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx)

- MOA

- Given IV in _____ to treat __________ 

- Highly _______ so watch when taken with ______

- Doses for status and maintance 

- Major side effects include: 

- Normal serum lab values: 

 

 

 

Definition
  • MOA - NA channel blocker
  • Given IV in NS to treat all seizures except absence 
  • Highly protein bound so watch with warfarin
  • Doses: Status = 15-20mg/kg (max dose 50mg/kg) & Maintance (100mg po TID/QID)
  • SE: Hypotension (IV), GUM HYPERPLASIA, CYP450 inducer, SJS (asians)
  • Normal serum lab value = 10-20mcg/mL
Term

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

 

MOA

 

 

Definition
NA channel blocker
Term

Oxycarbazepine (Trileptal)

 

MOA

Definition
NA channel blocker
Term

Ethosuximide 

 

MOA

TX 

Definition
  • MOA - CA channel blocker
  • TX - ABSENCE seizures 
Term

Lamotigine (Lamictal)

 

MOA

TX 

Definition

- MOA: - Glutamic acid antagonist

           - NA & CA channel blocker


- TX:   - Tonic Clonic seizures 

Term

Felbamate

 

MOA

Definition
  • Blocks glutamate NMDA receptors and may potentiate GABA
Term

Valporic Acid/Valporate (Depakene/Depakote)

MOA

BBW

Consideration 

Definition

Valporic Acid/Valporate (Depakene/Depakote)

- MOA: Potentiates GABA

           Inhibits glutamine

           Has some Sodium/Calcium channel blocking effects

           Enhances Potassium channels 

- BBW: hepatoxicity and pancreastitis 

- Consideration: competes with binding of many other antieplieptics and increases levels of phenytoin and decreased levels of tegretol

Term

Gabapentin (Neurotin)

 

MOA

Considerations

Definition

Gabapentin (Neurotin)

 

MOA - Potentiates GABA

          Blocks CA channel

Considerations - Can worsen myoclonic seizures and cause sedation 

Term

Tiagabine (Gabitril)

 

MOA

TX 

Definition

Tiagabine (Gabitril)

 

MOA: Potentiates GABA

         Inhibits re-uptake 

TX:    Partial Seizures 

Term

Topiramate (Topamax)

 

MOA

TX

Considerations 

Definition

Topiramate (Topamax)

 

MOA: Glutamic acid antagonist

         Blocks NA channels

         Potentiates GABA

TX: Partial and Generalized seizures

Considerations: Causes decreased attention span 

Term

Benzos 

 

MOA

TX 

Definition

Benzos 

MOA: Potentiates GABA 

         Stimulates chloride channels 

 

TX: Myoclonic Seiures  

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