Shared Flashcard Set

Details

3/17/12
2 tests
108
Real Estate & Planning
9th Grade
03/18/2012

Additional Real Estate & Planning Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Most common childhood brain tumor?
What does it look like on CT?
Microscopic feature?
Definition
- pilocytic astrocytoma --> good prognosis
- tumor mass w/ cystic space near it, it's usually in the cerebellum
- Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic wormlike corkscrew seen on H&E)
Term
Second most common childhood brain tumor?
Where is it found?
Sx?
Histology?
Definition
- Medulloblastoma (but is most common MALIGNANT tumor) --> poor prognosis
- Exclusively in cerebellum (vermis)
- Headache & cerebellar dysfunction
- Sheets of small blue cells w/ hyperchromatic nuclei & scant cytoplasm
Term
most common childhood brain malignancy?
Definition
medulloblastoma (see other slide for details) --> always in cerebellar vermis
Term
Childhood brain tumor presenting as hydrocephalus?
Definition
Ependymoma: it's the 3rd most common brain tumor of childhood (#1&2 are pilocytic astrocytoma & medulloblastoma)
Term
How do you differentiate pilocytic astrocytoma from medulloblastoma on imaging?
Definition
both are in medulla (although pilocytics can be elsewhere), but only pilocytics are accompanied by cystic spaces.

these are the #1 & #2 brain tumors of childhood; medulloblastomas are #1 brain malignancy of childhood
Term
Things in NK cells that induce apoptosis
Definition
perforin & granzyme
Term
CD markers for NK cells
Definition
CD56 & CD16
Term
Drugs predisposing to pancreatitis?
Definition
Valproic acid
Didanosine (ddI)
Zalcitabine (ddC)
Pentamidine
Asparaginase (used in leukemias)
Azathioprine
Furosemide

(sulfasalazine)
Term
In patients w/out alcoholism or gallstones (80% of cases), what else can cause pancreatitis?
Definition
-Recent ERCP
- Drugs (diuretics, HIV drugs, valproic acid)
- Infections (mumps, measles, EBV, VZV, Coxsackie, M.pneumonia, TB)
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Congenital abnormalities (choledochal cyst, Oddi stenosis, pancreatic divisum)
- Surgery
- Hypercalcemia
Term
Delirium vs Dementia
- Onset
- Consciousness
- Course
- Prognosis
- Memory impairment
Definition
- Onset: Acute in Delirium; Chronic in Dementia
- Consciousness: Waxing & Waning in Delirium; Intact in Dementia
- Course: Fluctuating in Del; Progressive decline in Dem
- Prognosis: Reversible in Del; Irreversible in Dem
- Memory impairment: Globa in Del; Remote sparing in Dem
Term
what doesn't change length during sarcomere contraction?
Definition
A band (it's the thick filament); I band & H band does
Term
pulmonary infection: spherule w/ endospores inside
Definition
Coccidioides immitis (can be disseminated in immunocompromised)
Term
how does Histo appear on biopsy?
Definition
small oval yeast inside Mø
Term
dysmetria def
Definition
sign of cerebellar dysfunction: nose-to-finger test & heel-to-shin test --> see overshoot/inability to keep heel on shin
(overshoot w. mid-course corrections)
Term
CN that arises from middle cerebellar peduncle
Definition
CN V (trigeminal) --> may be affected in lacunar stroke of this area presenting as cerebellar dysfunction
Term
CN that arises from dorsolateral aspect of pontomedullary junction
Definition
CN VII (& VIII)
--> located at position of facial colliculus in caudal pons
Term
CN that arises from preolivary sulcus in rostral medulla
Definition
Hypoglossal
Term
CN that arises from superior colliculus (rostral mesencephalon or midbrain)
Definition
Oculomotor
Term
only CN to arise dorsally (& where)
Definition
trochlear: at the level of the inferior colliculus (rostral mesencephalon of midbrain)
Term
branches in corneal reflex
Definition
V1 (afferent); VII (efferent)
Term
Schwannomas: most common location

Sx in this location
Definition
- Cerebellopontine angle --> arise from CN VIII & are called "acoustic neuromas"

- can compress other CN: V, VII, & VIII --> loss of sensation & corneal relfex, loss of facial muscles & corneal reflex, hearing loss/tinnitis & vertigo/nystagmus
Term
dofetilide MOA
Definition
K+ blocking drug (Class 3 antiarrhythmic)
Term
PTH, Ca, & Pi in VitD deficiency
Definition
increased PTH
decreased Ca++ & Pi

(can also have bone pain & muscle weakness)
Term
Hypomagnesemia can cause hyper or hypoparathyroid?
Definition
Hypo (remember it acts opposite of Ca++ if decreased chronically)
Term
MOA of osteoprotegerin
Definition
decoy receptor for RANK-L --> inhibit osteoclasts

it is secreted by osteoblasts
Term
fatigue, weight gain, constipation, slowed relaxation of DTR, dry, coarse skin, bradycardia
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Term
Nitroprusside MOA
Definition
Short-acting balanced venous & arterial vasodilator: decreases both preload & afterload --> SV is maintained
Term
name the somatoform disorders (5) & something about each
Definition
- Somatization: multiple organ complaints (including pain, GI, sexual, & neurologic) over years (8+ symptoms over many years)

- Conversion: loss of sensory or motor & "la belle indifference" (example of isolation of affect); adolescence & young adults

- Hypochondriasis: serous illness despite medical evaluation & reassurance

- Body dysmorphic disorder: must cause emotional distress or impaired functioning

- Pain disorder: prolonged pain w/ no physical findings that correlates w/ psychological factors (basically conversion disorder w/ pain); look for secondary gain (e.g. get out of work, drugs, etc)
Term
Difference between:
- Malingering
- Factitious
- Conversion
- Somatization
Definition
- Malingering: want secondary gain (e.g. drugs); consciously know they are producing symptoms & why they are doing it

- Factitious: want primary gain (e.g. munchausen's); symptom production is conscious but they don't know why they are doing it

- Conversion: sensory/motor loss & don't care; unconsciously making symptoms & don't know why they are making symptoms

- Somatization: multiple system complaints; unconscious; same as conversion

(the last two are somatoform; Malingering, factitious, & somatoform disorders can all present in the exact same way, what matters is what the patient knows)
Term
Atrial muscle or ventricular muscle depolarizes faster?

where is conduction slowest/fastest?
Definition
atrial (~1.1 m/sec vs 0.3 m/sec)

conduction is slowest in AV node & fastest in purkinje system (~0.05 m/sec vs. 2.2 m/sec)
Term
What does CCl4 do in the liver?
Definition
p450 converts to CCl3 --> free radical injury --> lipid peroxidation & mitochondrial dysfunction/destruction
Term
t(14;18) translocation
Definition
follicular lymphoma (non-Hodgkin)

Causes Bcl-2 overexpression (B-cell lymphoma 2): Bcl-2 (Chr18) put next to immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer (Chr14)
Term
t(9;22)
Definition
Philadelphia chromosome: CML (bcr-abl)
Term
t(8;14)
Definition
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc)
Term
Cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction
Definition
Zenker diverticulum
Term
M-protein
- Who has it?
- Functions?
- Antibodies to it can cause what?
Definition
- GAS
- Antiphagocytic (binds factor H --> degrades C3 convertase);
- Rheumatic fever
Term
Name 3 manifestations of Aspergillosis:
Definition
- Colonizing: (previous cavitation from TB/sarcoid/emphysema/abscess)

- Hypersensitivity: Asthma

- Invasive aspergillosis: immunosuppressed; can look like TB (hemoptysis, granuloma formation); 45 degree hyphae on biopsy --> can become disseminated

invasive aspergillosis likes to invade vessels --> necrosis
Term
Most common pediatric malignancy
Definition
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (80% B-cell; 20% T-cell)
- see blast cells (immature RBCs) in peripheral smear
Term
How do T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) present?
Definition
mediastinal mass --> dysphagia/dyspnea/SVC-syndrome
(ALL are the most common malignancy of childhood)
Term
PKU inheritance
Definition
AR
Term
Mousy body odor
Definition
PKU
Term
loss of phenyalanine hydroxylase
Definition
PKU (AR, "mousy" odor)
Term
Hartnup disease may produce this vitamin deficiency
Definition
B3 (niacin) --> dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
Term
Vitamin deficiency: sideroblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, dermatitis, convulsions
Definition
B6 (pyroxidine)

Needed for niacin (B3) synthesis from tryptophan, Heme synthesis (ALA-synthase, first step), transamination (AST/ALT), cystathionine synthase, decarboxylation rxns, & glycogen phosphorylase (McArdles)
Term
Vitamin def: Cheilosis, Corneal vascularization
Definition
B2 (riboflavin)
Term
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is increased w/?
Definition
increased afterload (e.g. alpha1-agonist administration)
Term
why are antihistamines used for motion sickness?
Definition
they are antimuscarinics & muscarinics are important receptors in vestibular transduction system
Term
where is the ansa cervicalis
Definition
C1,2,3 (innervate sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid)
Term
where does the carotid bifurcate?
Definition
just inferior to the hyoid bone (4th cervical vertebra)
Term
which artery gives rise to thyrocervical trunk?
Definition
subclavian artery
Term
DOC for listeria?
Definition
ampicillin (resistant to cephalosporins)
Term
what do you administer if someone has been exposed to radiation?
Definition
potassium iodine --> inhibits uptake of radioactive iodine by wolff-chaikoff effect
Term
Where are glucocorticoids anabolic?
Definition
Liver
Term
first line pharmacotherapy for essential HTN in general population?
Definition
Hydrochlorothiazide
Term
Which hypertensives do you use Beta-blockers for?
Definition
hypertensives w/ CAD and/or CHF
Term
Which hypertensives do you use ACE-inhibitors for?
Definition
hypertensives w/ diabetes
Term
What drug do you use in hypertensives w/ BPH?
Definition
Alpha-1 blockers (prazosin, oxazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin)
Term
pts w/ CGD are @ increased risk for infections w/ these bugs (i.e. they are all catalase +)
Definition
Staph aureus
Pseudomonas cepacia
Serratia marcenscens
Nocardia spp
Aspergillus spp
Candida
E. coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella
Term
Increased in hereditary spherocytosis
Definition
- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) b.c. of membrane loss & RBC dehydration
- best diagnostic test is RBC osmotic fragility
- Evidence of hemolysis is also present: increased LDH, reticulocytosis, & decreased haptoglobin
Term
What do you aspirate in aspiration pneumonia? What are the risk factors & the common pulmonary manifestation?
Definition
- oropharyngeal contents --> usually results in pulmonary abscess & "foul smelling sputum"

Risk factors include:
- Altered consciousness: intoxication, etc
- Immunosuppression
- Impaired swallowing
- Poor oral hygiene, dental infections, or gingival disease
Term
what would happen if you aspirate stomach contents?
Definition
chemical pneumonitis
Term
what 2 vitamins would you have to give a breast-feeding infant
Definition
Vitamin D (not in breast milk) & Vitamin K
Term
Describe C.diphteriae
Definition
Gram+ rod w/ metachromatic granules grown on tellurite agar

produces exotoxin that ADP-ribosylates EF-2 --> pseudomembranous pharyngitis
Term
where is the murmur in HOCM
Definition
between the hypertrophied IV septum & anterior leaflet of the mitral valve
Term
what is the limiting factor in coronary blood flow?
Definition
duration of diastole
Term
describe light-microscopy changes to myocardium after MI
Definition
0-4 hrs: no change
4-12: wavy fibers & edema
12-24: contraction bands
1-5 d: neutrophil infiltrate (most susceptible to rupture)
5-10: Mø phagocytosis of dead cells
10-14: granulation tissue & neovascularization
2w-2m: collagen depostion & scar formation
Term
Heteroplasmy
Definition
same thing as variable expressivity, but w/ mitochondrial inheritance --> it depends on # of defective mitochondria in zygote
Term
In males:
- Failure to fuse labioscrotal folds?
- Failure to fuse urethral folds?
- Faulty positioning of genital tubercle in 5th week of gestation?
Definition
- Bifid scrotum
- Hypospadius
- Epispadius
Term
In CHF, arteriolar resistance is increased b.c. of?
Definition
Increased angiotensin 2 (RAA system activation)
Term
What is the most common cell type in the pituitary?
Definition
Somatotrophs (however, lactotroph adenomas are the most common adenoma
Term
Why do you get anemia/cold agglutinins w/ mycoplasma pneumonia?
Definition
b.c. there is cross-reactivity between some M.pneumoniae antigens & RBCs (lyses & agglutinates RBCs)
Term
Most common cause of death in TCA overdose?
Definition
cardiac arrhythmias secondary to fast-Na+ channel inhibition (VFIB)
Term
Name SE that goes along w/ each characteristic of tricyclics:
- Antimuscarinic
- Anti-Alpha1
- Cardiac fast Na+ channels
- Presynaptic NE & 5HT reuptake inhibition
- H1 activation
Definition
- Anti-SLUD, tachycardia, delirium, mydriasis,
- Orthostatic hypotension
- arrhythmias, death (most common cause w/ TCA overdos)
- Seizures & tremors
- Sedation
Term
where are peyer's patches?
Definition
ileum

(aside, duodenum has Brunner's glands; Jejunum has neither PP or BG)
Term
Thrombocytopenia, Eczema, & recurrent infections
Definition
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (X-linked)
Term
oculocutaneous albinism, peripheral neuropathy, & immunodeficiency
Definition
Chediak-Higashi (LYST gene)
Term
What is defective in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome?
What are the Ig levels?
Definition
- combined, progressive loss of B & T cells
- Increased IgE & IgA; Decreased IgM
Term
SE of ethambutol
Definition
optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness), scotoma, & decreased visual acuity --> may reverse w/ discontinuation of drug

"RIP" part of RIPE has hepatotoxicity
Term
CBC needs to be checked in the following drugs because?
- Chloramphenicol
- Dapsone
- TMP-SMX
Definition
- aplastic anemia
- agranulocytosis
- megaloblastic anemia
Term
What exits through foramen rotundum?
Definition
V2
Term
What goes through foramen spinosum
Definition
middle meningeal & reccurent (meningeal) branch of V3
Term
Which CNs go through jugular foramen?
Definition
IX, X, & XI (also inferior petrosal & sigmoid sinuses & posterior meningeal artery)
Term
What exits through foramen ovale?
Definition
V3
Term
Maternal virilization during pregnancy & masculinization of female fetus
Definition
aromatase deficiency
Term
Unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in Gilbert's syndrome?
Definition
unconjugated (deficiency of bilirubin glucuronyl transferases)
Term
Define:
- Excitation-contraction coupling
- End-plate potential

which one is decreased in myasthenia gravis?
Definition
- Ability of muscle to contract given depolarization (depends on sarcoplamic-reticulum release of Ca++); may be defective in RYR dysfunction, for example

- depolarization of skeletal muscle caused by release of ACh (decreased in myasthenia gravis)
Term
How do you treat SE w/ myasthenia gravis treatment?
Definition
myasthenia is treated w/ ACh-esterase inhibitors (e.g. neostigmine) --> cause muscarinic SE --> Tx w/ antimuscarinic drug (e.g. scopolamine)
Term
What are the stop codons?
Definition
UAA, UAG, UGA (they bind releasing factor 1, not a tRNA)
Term
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is increased by what?
what does it do?
Definition
- insulin (increases activity of PFK-2: converts Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate)

- It increases the action of PFK-1: converts Fructose-6-phosphate --> Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (rate limiting step in glycolysis)
Term
how do you differentiate NMS from serotonin syndrome?
Definition
NMS has muscle rigidity, not myoclonus

Both have: Hyperthermia, generalized rigidity, autonomic instability, altered mental status
Term
- Ways to acquire campylobacter jejuni? (2)
- Describe the disease(s) you can get
- culture?
Definition
- 1) Domestic animals (fecal-oral)
2) contaminated food: undercooked poultry, unpastuerized milk

- inflammatory diarrhea; associated w/ guianne barre

- campy agar, 42 degrees, urease negative, curved G- rod
Term
How do you get V.parahemolyticus?
Definition
raw oysters (gastroenteritis) --> Tx w/ fluoroquinolones or sulfonamides
Term
Px of anal squamous cell cancer
Definition
- usually in immunocompromised (AIDS)
- 50% are ulcerated
- Painful, pruritic, & rectal bleeding
- ASSOCIATED W/ HPV (16, 18, 31)
Term
Stigmata of bulimia
Definition
- enlarged parotid glands (25%)
- irregular menses
- eroded tooth enamel
- caluses or scars on back of hands/knuckles
Term
Attributable risk percent (ARP) formula
Definition
ARP = (risk in exposed - risk in unexposed)/risk in exposed

also: ARP = (RR-1)/RR
Term
Lewy bodies
Definition
eosinophilic inclusion in substantia nigra seen in Parkinsons disease
Term
Negri bodies
Definition
eosinophilic inclusions seen in pyramidal neurons of hippocampus & cerebellar Purkinje cells in Rabies
Term
Brain cancer w/ psammoma bodies
Definition
meningioma
Term
intrapartum definition
Definition
occurring during childbirth
Term
Tx for GBS in mom's vagina?
Definition
ampicillin @ delivery (intrapartum ampicillin)

(aside: you culture @ 35-37 weeks to see if the mom has an infection)
Term
Where is air resistance maximal?
Definition
2nd-5th segmental bronchi (medium-small bronchi >2mm)
Term
DUMBELS of organophosphate poisoning

How do you treat it?
Definition
D: diarrhea, diaphoresis
U: urination
M: miosis
B: bronchospasm, bronchorrhea (increased secretions), bradycardia
E: emesis
L: lacrimation
S: salivation

- Tx w/ 2-PAM (pralidoxime): must administer w/in 6-8 hrs
Term
Purine analog resistant to adenosine deaminase used to Tx hairy cell leukemia
Definition
Cladribine
Term
What increases ESR?
Definition
Fibrinogen (acute phase protein synthesized by liver when it's stimulated by IL1, IL6, & TNF-alpha released by neutrophils & Mø)
Term
Common pigment accumulated inside cells in aging?
Definition
- Lipofuscin (from lipid peroxidation)
Term
Define anthracosis
Definition
exogenous pigment endocytosis of macrophages in lungs; caused by phagocytosis of inhaled carbon or coal dust
Term
Marker for:
- Epithelial-derived cells (carcinomas)
- Myeloid cells
- Mesenchymal cells
- Neuroendocrine cells
Definition
- Cytokeratin
- Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Vimentin
- Chromogranin A & neuron-specific enolase
Term
HER2/neu signals through?
Definition
tyrosine kinase
(present in up to 30% invasive breast cancers)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!