Term
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary IV or IV Piggyback |
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Definition
| Secondary IV bag is 50-250 mL, hung higher than main IV, "piggybacked" into main line, infuses by pump, main IV will infuse once piggyback runs out |
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Term
0.9% normal saline (NS) Na+
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Definition
| Used in diabetic pts, sodium loss (burns) |
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Term
| Lactated Ringer’s Na+, K+, chloride |
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Definition
| corrects dehydration, Na depletion, GI losses |
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Term
5% Dextrose in water (D5W) glucose
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Definition
| isotonic, glucose metabolized rapidly then is hypotonic |
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Term
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Definition
measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function. Urea is a substance secreted by the liver, and removed from the blood by the kidneys.
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Term
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Definition
Serum sodium (Na+) greater than 145mEq/L
Causes: excess water loss, excess sodium administration, diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, and hypertonic IV solutions
Manifestations: thirst; elevated temperature; dry, swollen tongue; sticky mucosa; neurologic symptoms; restlessness; and weakness
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Term
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Definition
Below-normal serum potassium (K+) (<3.5 mEq/L)
Causes: GI losses, medications, alterations of acid–base balance, hyperaldosteronism, and poor dietary intake
Manifestations: fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, cramps, paresthesias, glucose intolerance, decreased muscle strength, and deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)
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Term
| Nursing management of hypokalemia |
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Definition
assessment (severe hypokalemia is life-threatening), monitoring of electrocardiogram (ECG), arterial blood gases (ABGs), and dietary potassium, and providing nursing care related to IV potassium administration
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Term
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Definition
Serum potassium greater than 5.0 mEq/L
Causes: usually treatment-related, impaired renal function, hypoaldosteronism, tissue trauma, and acidosis
Manifestations: cardiac changes and dysrhythmias, muscle weakness with potential respiratory impairment, paresthesias, anxiety, and GI manifestations
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Term
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Definition
Serum level less than 8.5 mg/dL must be considered in conjunction with serum albumin level
Causes: hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, pancreatitis, alkalosis, massive transfusion of citrated blood, renal failure, medications, other
Manifestations: tetany, circumoral numbness, paresthesias, hyperactive DTRs, Trousseau’s sign, Chovstek's sign, seizures, respiratory symptoms of dyspnea and laryngospasm, abnormal clotting, and anxiety
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Term
| Nursing management of hypocalcemia |
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Definition
| assessment as severe hypocalcemia is life-threatening, weight-bearing exercises to decrease bone calcium loss, patient teaching related to diet and medications, and nursing care related to IV calcium administration |
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Term
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Definition
Serum calcium (Ca+) level above 10.5 mg/dL
Causes: malignancy and hyperparathyroidism, bone loss related to immobility
Manifestations: muscle weakness, incoordination, anorexia, constipation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal and bone pain, polyuria, thirst, ECG changes, and dysrhythmias
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Term
| Nursing management for hypercalcemia |
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Definition
| assessment as hypercalcemic crisis has high mortality, encourage ambulation, fluids of 3 to 4 L/d, provide fluids containing sodium unless contraindicated and fiber for constipation, and ensure safety |
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Term
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Definition
Serum level less than 1.8 mg/dL; evaluate in conjunction with serum albumin
Causes: alcoholism, GI losses, enteral or parenteral feeding deficient in magnesium, medications, rapid administration of citrated blood; contributing causes include diabetic ketoacidosis, sepsis, burns, and hypothermia
Manifestations: neuromuscular irritability, muscle weakness, tremors, athetoid movements, ECG changes and dysrhythmias, and alterations in mood and level of consciousness
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Term
| Nursing management of hypomagnesia |
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Definition
Nursing management: assessment, ensure safety, patient teaching related to diet, medications, alcohol use, and nursing care related to IV magnesium sulfate
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Term
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Definition
Serum level more than 2.7 mg/dL
Causes: renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, and excessive administration of magnesium
Manifestations: flushing, lowered BP, nausea, vomiting, hypoactive reflexes, drowsiness, muscle weakness, depressed respirations, ECG changes, and dysrhythmias
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Term
| Nursing management of hypermagnesia |
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Definition
Nursing management: assessment, avoid administering medications containing magnesium, and provide patient teaching regarding magnesium-containing OTC medications
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Term
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Definition
Low pH <7.35
Low bicarbonate <22 mEq/L
Most commonly due to renal failure
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Term
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Definition
High pH >7.45
High bicarbonate >26 mEq/L
Most commonly due to vomiting or gastric suction; may also be caused by medications, especially long-term diuretic use
Hypokalemia will produce alkalosis
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Term
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Definition
Low pH <7.35
PaCO2 >42 mm Hg
Always due to a respiratory problem with inadequate excretion of CO2
With chronic respiratory acidosis, the body may compensate and may be asymptomatic; symptoms may include a suddenly increased pulse, respiratory rate, and BP; mental changes; feeling of fullness in the head
Potential increased intracranial pressure
Treatment is aimed at improving ventilation
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Term
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Definition
High pH >7.45
PaCO2 <35 mm Hg
Always due to hyperventilation
Manifestations: lightheadedness, inability to concentrate, numbness and tingling, and sometimes loss of consciousness
Correct cause of hyperventilation
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