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2nd Semester Final Review
2nd Semester Final Review
81
Biology
9th Grade
05/13/2015

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Term
What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?
Definition
Sun
Term
What is photosynthesis?
Definition
Process plants use to capture light energy and make complex molecules
Term
What are heterotrophs?
Definition
organisms that consume other organisms for energy
Term
Where is chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
Definition
grana
Term
What happens when a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light?
Definition
green wavelengths are reflected while red and blue are absorbed
Term
Where does oxygen gas come from during photosynthesis?
Definition
water
Term
How has photosynthesis affected the atmosphere?
Definition
The atmosphere is rich in oxygen gas.
Term
Why is carbon fixation in plants important?
Definition
all organic molecules can be traced back to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Term
What is the product of photosystem I
Definition
NADPH
Term
What are the products of the light reactions used in the dark reactions?
Definition
ATP and NADPH
Term
What is the Calvin Cycle?
Definition
A series of reactions that create carbohydrates.
Term
When does the Calvin Cycle occur?
Definition
in both light and dark conditions
Term
How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?
Definition
The rate of photosynthesis increases up to a point at which it stays the same.
Term
What is ATP used for?
Definition
carry energy essential for life
Term
What is cellular respiration?
Definition
release of energy from the breakdown of food
Term
What is a molecule released from photosynthesis and used in cellular respiration?
Definition
oxygen
Term
What is a molecule that stores chemical energy in photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration.
Definition
glucose
Term
What is fermentation?
Definition
organic compounds broken down in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration)
Term
What is formed in muscles when oxygen isn't present?
Definition
lactic acid
Term
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
Definition
ethanol and carbon dioxide
Term
What equation is this?: glucose + 6 oxygen = 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + the energy of 36 ATP
Definition
cellular (aerobic) respiration
Term
What is ecology?
Definition
the study of the interaction of living organisms with each other and their physical environment
Term
What is a habitat?
Definition
physical location of an ecosystem in which a given species lives
Term
What is a population?
Definition
a group of a single species in an area at a specific time
Term
What is an example of a relationship between a producer and consumer
Definition
zebra eating grass
Term
What is competition?
Definition
What occurs when organisms require the same food and space
Term
In trophic levels, how much energy is available to the level above an organism?
Definition
10%
Term
What is commensalism?
Definition
one organism benefits, the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Term
In the carbon cycle, what are two important chemical processes?
Definition
cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Term
What are examples of fossils?
Definition
traces of dead organisms, footprints, insects trapped in tree sap, shells, old bones
Term
On what islands did Darwin conduct much of his research?
Definition
Galapagos
Term
Darwin studied finches. What was his conclusion about them even though they had differently shaped beaks?
Definition
descended and evolved from a common ancestor
Term
According to Darwin, why does evolution occur?
Definition
because of natural selection (reproduce more successfully, because they are better suited to the environment)
Term
What was the main concept of Darwin's book, The Origin of Species?
Definition
species change over time due to natural selection
Term
What is an important part of the ecological systems that causes natural selection to occur?
Definition
natural resources are limited and competition occurs for those resources
Term
True or false - Acquired traits are not used as evidence for evolution.
Definition
False
Term
The human appendix is an example of what evolutionary feature?
Definition
vestigial structure
Term
What do homologous structures in organisms suggest?
Definition
common ancestor
Term
What are vestigial structures?
Definition
structures that no longer serve an important function
Term
What are the wings of a bird and wings of a butterfly examples of in evolution?
Definition
convergent evolution
Term
How do scientists use the fact that organisms have varying similarities in amino acid sequences in their proteins?
Definition
more similar organisms share a more common recent ancestor
Term
True or False - Organisms that share similar amino acid sequences have a common ancestor.
Definition
true
Term
Plants and their pollinators have ____________ over millions of years
Definition
coevolved
Term
Why do peacocks have brightly colored tail feathers?
Definition
to attract potential mates
Term
How do scientists use DNA sequences to determine evolutionary relationships?
Definition
more similar organisms share a more common recent ancestor
Term
What is gene flow?
Definition
movement of alleles into or out of a population
Term
What affects allele frequencies in a population?
Definition
genetic drift, bottleneck, founder effect
Term
What is crossing over?
Definition
homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments of DNA
Term
When does crossing over occur?
Definition
Prophase I
Term
What divides unequally in the formation of polar bodies in oogenesis (female meiosis)?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
What provides new genetic combinations?
Definition
random fertilization, crossing over, independent assortment
Term
What traits do diploid cells have?
Definition
two homologous of each chromosome, 2n, chromosomes found in pairs
Term
If a diploid cell has 28 chromosomes, how many are in a haploid cell?
Definition
14 chromosomes
Term
When does the formation of tetrads of homologous chromosomes and crossing over occur in meiosis?
Definition
Prophase I
Term
What is a mutation?
Definition
change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly
Term
What causes a frameshift mutation?
Definition
insertion or deletion, NEVER a substitution
Term
What is a mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides?
Definition
point mutation
Term
What affect can a mutation have?
Definition
neutral, harmful, or beneficial
Term
How many chromosomes does a person with Down Syndrome have?
Definition
47 chromosomes
Term
What are histones used for?
Definition
fold and package DNA
Term
What is the situation in which gametes have one of each pair of homologues and are represented by n?
Definition
haploid
Term
How are homologous chromosomes similar?
Definition
size, shape, genetic content
Term
What are chromatids?
Definition
identical strands of DNA
Term
How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ?
Definition
spermatogenesis ends with 4 haploid sperm, oogenesis ends with 1 haploid ovum
Term
If an organism has 34 chromosomes in its diploid cells, how many possible variants can occur in their sperm or egg cells based on independent assortment?
Definition
131,072 variants
Term
What is heredity?
Definition
passing traits from parents to offspring
Term
What is the scientific study of heredity?
Definition
genetics
Term
Who was the 'father' of genetics?
Definition
Gregor Mendel
Term
What is an example of a heterozygous genotype?
Definition
Tt
Term
What genotype has two recessive alleles?
Definition
homozygous recessive
Term
What is the physical appearance of a trait called in genetics?
Definition
phenotype
Term
Tt x Tt
Definition
Genotypic ratio = 1:2:1, Phenotypic ratio 3:1
Term
TT x Tt
Definition
Genotypic ratio = 1:1, Phenotypic ratio = 1:0
Term
Tt x tt
Definition
Genotypic ratio = 1:1, Phenotypic ratio = 1:1
Term
What are examples of producers?
Definition
Plants and photosynthetic algae
Term
What do plants use the reactants of carbon dioxide and water to form in the process of photosynthesis?
Definition
glucose and oxygen gas
Term
In order to fit into their habitat, the finches of Galapagos...
Definition
evolved
Term
What is the basis for differences in organisms for natural selection?
Definition
genetic variation in species
Term
What type of mutation would affect a single amino acid in a protein sequence?
Definition
point mutation
Term
Each pair of alleles separate independently from one another is Mendel's...
Definition
Law of Independent Assortment
Term
Alleles separate from each other during meiosis I is Mendel's...
Definition
Law of segregation
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