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2nd semester exam
Exam
69
Biology
10th Grade
05/23/2010

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Term
Homozygous
Definition
Both alleles are identical
Term
heterozygous
Definition
both allels are different like Ff, Jj,Rr
Term
Dominant
Definition
An allele that over powers or masks another
Term
Recessive
Definition
An allele that can get covered up or masked by another
Term
Gamete
Definition
a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Term
Zygote
Definition
union of gametes
Term
Genotype
Definition
Letter combinations of offspring from a punnett square
Term
Phenotype
Definition
A list of possible appearances from a punnett square
Term
Probabilty
Definition
The chances of you having a certain gene
Term
law of independent assortment
Definition
each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
Term
Mendel
Definition
Father of genetics
Term
codominance
Definition
 speckeling, both alleles are dominant and fight for expression
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
blending, both allels are dominate and fight for expression
Term
Sex Linked
Definition
Must include an X and Y!!! otherwise they are the same as the others
Term
Sex determination
Definition

Male  sperm has X or Y

Female eggs have only X

XX or XY

Term
Dihybird
Definition
Any cross involving two traits
Term
Locus/Loci
Definition
location of a gene on a chromosome
Term
    A, C, T, C, U
Definition
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, Uracil
Term
Differences between DNA and RNA
Definition
uracil instead of thymine, RNA= 1chain...DNA=2chains
Term
mRNA
Definition
copies and transports instructions from DNA to the ribosome
Term
tRNA
Definition
decode the instructions and builds protein
Term
rRNA
Definition
most abundant organnelle
Term
amino acids
Definition
proteins
Term
transcription
Definition
the process of copying instructions from DNA to mRna
Term
promoter
Definition
where you start making RNA
Term
termination signal
Definition
where transcription stops
Term
codon
Definition

only 3 mRNA nucleotide that code for an amino acid

EX) AAC, GAU, UAU,

Term
start codon
Definition
AUG, codes for the AAmet
Term
stop codon
Definition
UAA, UAG, UGA, no AA match these
Term
anticodon
Definition
3 nucleotide sequence on the tRNA,exact opposite mRNA
Term
translation
Definition
the process of decoding the mRNA strand
Term
mutations
Definition

a mismatch of one or more bp.

good mut.=monarch, viceroy

bad mut.=sickle cell

Term
H-bond
Definition

Between A+T are 2 Hbonds

Between G+C are 3 Hbonds

Term
nucleotide
Definition
includes one phosphate, 1 deoxyribose, and 1 nitrogenus base
Term
purines
Definition
have 2 carbon rings (A+G)
Term
pyrimidines
Definition
only one carbon ring (C+T)
Term
Rna Polemerase
Definition
moves to the first nucleotide of the template
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
hold the rungs of the latter to the backbone
Term
ribose
Definition
sugar found in RNA
Term
Darwin
Definition
he discovered that finches had 1 common ancestor but from diff islands
Term
population
Definition
group of organisms of the same  species
Term
gene pool
Definition
all the allels in all the indiviuals that make up a population
Term
bottle neck effect
Definition
population to so law that the gene pool was small
Term
artifical selection
Definition
gene pool
Term
fitness
Definition
the ability that some animals have to escape there prey
Term
pangea
Definition
large land mass that contained all the continents, allowing organisms to migrate freely
Term
vestigular structure
Definition
something that once had a function but does not in modern day life
Term
extinction
Definition
when a species becomes none existant
Term
fossil
Definition
a rock like model of a long dead organism
Term
biodiversity
Definition
the huge variety of organiusms on this planet
Term
bilateral symmetry
Definition
anything with a head, if cut in half both sides would b the same
Term
radial symmetry
Definition
all parts radiate out from a central point and are the same
Term
vertebrate
Definition
has a backbone
Term
invertebrate
Definition
no backbone
Term
cephalization
Definition
having a head, with sense organs nd nerves.
Term
exoskeleton
Definition
outside skeleton
Term
fluide filled body cavities
Definition
earthworms, roundworms
Term
fresh water
Definition
puddles, ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, inland marshes
Term
marine habitat
Definition
salt water
Term
brackish
Definition
where salt water nd fresh water meet
Term
terrestrial
Definition
animals that live on land
Term
anterior
Definition
head
Term
posterior
Definition
rear
Term
dorsal
Definition
back
Term
ventral
Definition
stomach
Term
heterotrophic
Definition
must find there own food
Term
breathing
Definition

slimy animals=skin

reptiles,birds,mammals,amphibians=lungs

fish=gills

Insects=tracheae/spiracles

 

Term
incomplete metamorphosis
Definition
egg, nymph (or naiad if aquatic), adult (grasshopper)
Term
complete metamorphosis
Definition
egg, larva, pupa, adult
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