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2nd Quarter Test
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65
Science
8th Grade
01/23/2013

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Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
the process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food
Term
autotroph
Definition
organism that makes its own food
Term
heterotroph
Definition
organism that cannot make it own food feeds off of other animals
Term
pigment
Definition
colored chemical compound that absorb light. gives green color
Term
chlorophyll
Definition
the main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts is chlorophyll
Term
stomata
Definition
small openings on the underside of the leaves thru which carbon dioxide enters the plant thru
Term
respiration
Definition
the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose
Term
fermintation
Definition
an energy releasing process that does no require oxygen
Term
cell cycle
Definition
regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo
Term
interphase
Definition
first stage
period before cell division
during interphase the cell grows makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2 new cells
Term
replication
Definition
the cell makes an exact copy of the DNA in its nucleas
Term
mitosis
Definition
cells nucleas divided into two new nuclei. (one copy of DNA is distributed into each of the 2 daughter cells
Term
chromosome
Definition
during prophase, they form
thread like chromatin in the nucleas condenses to form them
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
final stage of cell cycle
cytoplasm divides. the organelles are distributed to each of the 2 new cells
Term
heredity
Definition
the passing of PHYSICAL characteristics from parent to offspring.
Term
trait
Definition
each different form of a characteristic
Term
genetics
Definition
the scientific study of heredity
Term
fertilization
Definition
the egg and sperm join
Term
pure bred
Definition
the offspring of many generations that have the same trait
Term
gene
Definition
factors that control a trait
Term
alleles
Definition
different forms of a gene
Term
dominant allele
Definition
one whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present
Term
recessive allele
Definition
hidden whenever the dominant is present
Term
hybrid
Definition
two different alleles for a trait
Term
probability
Definition
number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur
Term
punnet square
Definition
chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
Term
phenotype
Definition
physical appearance or visual traits
Term
genotype
Definition
genetic make up
Term
homozyogus
Definition
ZZ zz GG gg (pure bred)
Term
heterozygous
Definition
Zz Yy Gg (hybrid)
Term
co dominance
Definition
neither dominant or recessive so both show in organism
Term
meiosis
Definition
the process by which the # of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells
Term
how are the # of chromosomes changing in meiosis and mitosis
Definition
mitosis- 2x


meiosis- 1/2x
Term
messenger RNA
Definition
mRNA -ncopies the coded message from the dna in the nucleas and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Term
transfer RNA
Definition
carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein.
Term
mutation
Definition
change in a gene or chromosome
Term
multiple alleles
Definition
3 or more of forms of a gene that code for a single trait
Term
sex chromosomes
Definition
one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell
determine whether male or female
Term
sex-lined gene
Definition
genes on the x and y chromosome
Term
carrier
Definition
person who receives one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant
Term
in sex linked traits only ______ can be _____
Definition
female
carriers
Term
genetic disorder
Definition
abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chrmomsomes
Term
explain how the sun supplies living things with energy they need.
Definition
nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis
Term
describe what happens during photosynthesis
Definition
plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar.
Term
describe the events that occur during respiration
Definition
cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.
Term
tell what fermentation is ?
Definition
provides energy for cells without using oxygen
Term
identify the events that take place during the three stages of the cell cycle
Definition
during interphase the cell grows makes a copy of its DNA and prepares to divide into 2
during mitosis,one copy of DNA is distributed into each of the 2 daughter cells.
during cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides. organelles are distributed to the new cells
Term
explain how the structure of DNA helps account for the way in which DNA copies itself.
Definition
the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule exactly matches the order in the original DNA molecule
Term
describe the results of Mendel's experiments
Definition
only one form of the trait appeared in the f1 generation. However, in the f2 generation, the lost form of the trait always reappeared in about one fourth of the plants.
Term
identify what controls the inheritance of traits in organisms
Definition
organisms traits are controlled by the alleles it inherits from its parents. some dominant, some recessive
Term
define probability and explain how it helps explain the results of genetic crosses
Definition
is a # that describes how likely it is that an event will occur. in a genetic cross, the allele that each parent will pass on to its offspring is based on probability.
Term
explain genotype and phenotype
Definition
phenotype is the physical appearance or visible traits. genotype is genetic makeup or allele combinations
Term
describe the role chromosomes play in inheritance?
Definition
genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes (chromosomal theory of inheritance)
Term
identify the events that occur during meiosis.
Definition
the chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to 2 different cells. The resulting sex cells have only half as many chrmomosomes as the other cells in the organism.
Term
explain the relationship between chromosomes and genes
Definition
chromosomes are made of many genes joined together like beads on a string.
Term
explain what forms the genetic code.
Definition
the order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced.
Term
describe how a cell produces proteins.
Definition
During protein synthesis, the cell uses info from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein
Term
identify how mutations can affect on organism
Definition
mutations can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis. as a result the organisms trait or phenotype may be different from what it normally would have been.
Term
identify some patterns of inheritance in humans
Definition
some human traits are controlled by single genes with 2 alleles, and others by single genes with multiple alleles. still other traits are controlled by many genes that act together.
Term
describe the functions of the sex chromosomes.
Definition
sex chromosomes carry genes that determine whether a person is male or female. they also carry genes that determine other traits.
Term
explain the relationship between genes and the environment.
Definition
many of a person's characteristics are determined by an interaction between genes and their environment.
Term
Identify 2 major causes of genetics disorders in humans
Definition
mutations in the DNA of genes.

changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes.
Term
Explain how geneticists trace the inheritance of traits.
Definition
a tool they use is a pedigree.
Term
explain how genetic disorders are diagnosed and treated.
Definition
karyotypes to help diagnose genetic disorders. People with genetic disorders are helped thru medical care, education,job training, and other methods.
Term
___ and ___ are examples of genetic disorders.
Definition
cystic fibrosis
hemophilia
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