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2D/M-mode
2D and m-mode
72
Medical
Professional
12/03/2013

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What has the higest temporal resolution
Definition
M-Mode
Term
Another name for M-Mode?
Definition
Ice Pick
Term
What does the x and y axis represent on M-mode?
Definition

x-axis is time

Y-axis is distance

Term
What wave is the end of diastole?
Definition
R wave
Term
What wave is the end of systole?
Definition
End of T wave
Term
How do you change the EKG speed during m-mode across the screen?
Definition
Sweep speed control
Term
What sweep speed would you use for less R waves or cardiac cycles?
Definition
100mm/sec
Term
What 2 views can be performed in m-mode?
Definition
PLAX or PSAX
Term
During what part of the cardiac cyle is the left atrium measured?
Definition
end of systole or after T wave
Term
What is consider normal measurement for the left atrium?
Definition
2.2-4.0 cm
Term
What is the Upper Limit normal for left atrium?
Definition
3.9 cm
Term
What wave is the aorta measured?
Definition
end of diastole or R wave
Term
Normal Range of aorta?
Definition
2.1-3.7 cm
Term
Upper limit normal of the aorta?
Definition
3.6 cm
Term
What is consider abnormal from e point mitral valve to IVS?
Definition
more than 0.9 cm
Term
normal measurement for RV free wall
Definition
0.5 cm or less
Term
RVIDd normal measurement?
Definition
2.7 cm or less
Term
Normal range for IVSd and PWd
Definition
0.6-1.1 cm
Term
Normal range for LVIDd
Definition
3.6-5.6 cm
Term
Normal range for LVIDs?
Definition
2.0-4.0 cm
Term
What is the normal value for frctional shortening of the LV?
Definition
25%-45%
Term
What is the formula to calculate fractional shortening of the LV?
Definition
LVIDd-LVIDs/LVIDd x 100%
Term
Normal value of ejection fraction of LV
Definition
55%-75%
Term
What calculation method is used to covert 2D measurements to provide ejection fraction?
Definition
cubed method for EF
Term
Formula for cubed method?
Definition
(LVIDd)3-(LVIDs)/(LVIDd)3 x 100
Term
What is normal percent systolic thickening of the septum and posterior wall
Definition
33%
Term
Less than 33% thickening of septum and posterior wall  indicates?
Definition
hypokinetic wall
Term
0% thickening during systole of the septem or posterior wall indicates?
Definition
akinetic or dead myocardium
Term
How do you calculate percent systolic thickening of septum
Definition
IVSs-IVSd/IVSd x 100
Term
How do you calculate percent systolic thickening of posterior wall
Definition
LVPWs-LVPWd/LVPWd x 100
Term
During what circumstance, 2D measurements should only be done
Definition
Booted up LV
Term
what sweep speed should we use when doing m-mode?
Definition
50cm/sec
Term
Modified simpson is used to calculate what?
Definition
stroke volume and ejection fraction
Term
What views are used for modified simpson's
Definition
apical four chamber and two chamber
Term
How do you trave the LV for modified simpson
Definition
from the IVS at MV level
Term
What part of the cardiac cylce should you trace the left and right atrial area
Definition
during systole
Term
What is normal left atrial area
Definition
less than 20 cm2
Term
What is mild LAE
Definition
20-30 cm2
Term
What is moderate LAE?
Definition
30-40 cm2
Term
What is severe LAE?
Definition
more than 40 cm2
Term
Where is Inferior Vena Cava measured from
Definition
subcostal position at insertion into the right atrium
Term
What is normal values of IVC
Definition
1.2-2.3 cm
Term
How do you assess collapsibility of IVC?
Definition
sniff test
Term
What is systolic heart failure?
Definition
The inability of the ventricles to contract normally.
Term
What is diastolic heart failure?
Definition
The inability of the ventricles to relax properly.
Term
Can a person have systolic heart failure without diastolic heart failure?
Definition
Yes
Term
Why do patients with CHF develop edema?
Definition
Pressure.....as blood is not being pumped out of the heart properly, this causes pressure to build up in the veins causing congestion in the bodies tissues.
Term
What type of ejection fraction do patients with systolic failure have?
Definition
EF less than 45%
Term

What type of ejection fraction do patients with diastolic failure have?

Definition
EF greater than 50%
Term

What are the ways a person can be given medication?

(7 listed in notes)

Definition

oral, IV, Intr-muscular, subcutaneous

inhaled, transdermal patch, paste

Term
At what blood pressure does a person have hypertension?
Definition

140 for systolic number

or

90 for diastolic number 

Term
What function does a diuretic have?
Definition
Decreases sodium in the blood which decreases the blood volume to decreases peripheral resistance.
Term

What functions do a calcium channel blocker have?

(list 3 functions)

Definition

1.  Relaxes the arteriole walls

2.  Dilates the arterioles to decrease resistance and

     increase blood flow.

3.  Decreases the amount of calcium which decreases the

     strength of the heart's contraction.

Term
What is the main function of a sympatholytic drug?
Definition
Reduce sympathetic activity to the heart and blood vessels which will decrease peripheral resistance and cardiac output.
Term
What is the name of the Standard Classification system for antiarrythmic drugs?
Definition
Singh/Vaughan Williams
Term
What is the main function of a vasodilator?
Definition
To dilate the SMALL arteries which will decrease peripheral resistance.
Term
What is the main function of an ACE inhibitor?
Definition
Inhibits production of Antiotensin II which will decrease peripheral resistance.
Term

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of CHF?

 

a.  bradycardia

b.  shortness of breath

c.  cardiomegaly

d.  pulmonary edema

Definition
Bradycardia....the patient will have tachycardia
Term
Although ACE Inhibitors are the first line of defense for CHF patients, do they cure the patient?
Definition
No, just keep the patient's heart from forming aneurysms and help the patient's symptoms.
Term
What is the main function of a Beta Blocker?
Definition
To keep the heart rate low so the heart is not overworked.
Term
Chest pain that is repeatable and predictible is what type of angina?
Definition

Stable Angina

(Ischemic Angina d/t CAD)

Term
Chest pain that occurs for no reason at any time is what type of angin?
Definition
Unstable angina
Term
What is another name for a coronary artery spasm?
Definition
Prinz Metal spasm
Term

Which of the following is NOT an antianginal agent?

 

a.  Beta-adrenergic antagonists

b.  Beta Blocker

c.  Calcium Channel Blocker

d.  Organic Nitrate

Definition
B.  Beta Blocker
Term
What is the main function of an organic nitrate?
Definition
To dilate the arteries and increase blood flow to the heart and decrease peripheral resistance.
Term
What is the method for treating Atrial Fib or Atrial Flutter
Definition
Cardioversion or Drugs
Term
What is the treatment for Supraventricular Tachycardia?
Definition
Radiofrequency ablation or druges
Term
What is the treatment for Sustained VT?
Definition

Thump the chest

Cardioversion 

Drugs

Term
What is the treatment for Ventricular Fibrillation
Definition
Difibrillation
Term
What is the treatment for Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia?
Definition
Implantable defibrillator (ICD)
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