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2.)Addressing on Networks
IPv4,Ipv6,DNS
92
Computer Networking
Not Applicable
11/18/2016

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Term
IANA
Definition
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

Organization responsible for tracking the assignments of port numbers, domain names, and IP addresses. IANA is a department of ICANN.
Term
ICANN
Definition
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

Organization that sets up many policies that guide how the internet works.
Term
FQDN
Definition
Fully Qualified Domain Name/Host name
or Computer Name

A unique character-based name assigned to every host on network.

ex. ftp.globalscape.com www.google.com
Term
Domain Name
Definition
Consists of the last two parts of the FQDN.

ex google.com yahoo.com
Term
Host Name
Definition
Is the first part of the FQDN such as www or ftp. This identifies the individual computer on the network.
Term
Network Interface
Definition
The point of interconnection between a computer and a private or public network.

ex. NIC, router
Term
IPv4
Definition
Network IP Addresses that have 32 bits and are written as four decimal numbers called octets.

ex. 127.0.0.1
Term
IPv6
Definition
IP addresses that have 128 bits and are written as eight blocks of hexidecimal numbers

ex. 2001:0DB8:0B80:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC
Term
OUI
Definition
Organizationally Unique Indentifier
aka block ID or company ID

The first 24 bits given to a MAC address that identifies the manufacturer.
Term
Device ID
Definition
aka extension identifier

The last 24 bits that identify the specific device in a MAC address.
Term
Static IP Address
Definition
Permanently assigned IP address to a computer or device.
Term
Dynamic IP address
Definition
An IP address that is leased to a computer or device that must be requested from the server each time it connects to the network.
Term
Gateway
Definition
A computer, router, or other device that a host uses to access another network.
Term
Default Gateway
Definition
The gateway device that nodes on the network turn to first for access to the outside world.
Term
Subnet Mask
Definition
A 32 bit number that helps one computer find another. Can be used to know if a remote computer with a given IP address is on its own or a different network.
Term
DNS Servers
Definition
Responsible for tracking computer names and their IP addresses.
Term
ipconfig
Definition
Utility in a Command Prompt window that finds out the current TCP/IP settings. Shows an abbreviated summary.
Term
TLD
Definition
Top-Level Domain

The last part of a FQDN.

ex. .com .edu
Term
Name Resolution
Definition
The process of discovering the IP address of a host when you know its fully qualified domain name.
Term
Hosts File
Definition
aka host table

A text file that associates computer names with IP addresses.
Term
DNS namespace
Definition
Entire collection of computer names and their associated IP addresses stored in databases on DNS name servers around the globe.
Term
DNS name servers
Definition
Hold DNS databases, which is organized in a hierarchical structure.
Term
Resolver
Definition
A DNS client that requests information from DNS name servers.
Term
Root Servers
Definition
a cluster of 13 servers that hold information used to locate top-level domain servers.
Term
Authoritative Servers
Definition
Are the authority on computer names and their IP addresses for computers in their domains.
Term
DNS cache
Definition
A database stored on the on the local computer that is the resolver goes to first for a DNS search.
Term
Caching-Only Server
Definition
Resolves names only for the clients.
When it recieves a request for information it is not stored in its DNS cache, it will first query the company's authoritative name server.
Term
Recursive Query
Definition
A query in DNS that demands a resolution or the answer "It can't be found".
Term
Iterative queries
Definition
These are DNS queries to other servers. This asks for information from other servers but does not demand a resolution.
Term
Distributed Database Model
Definition
A database model where data is distributed over thousands of servers, which in turn means DNS will not fail catastrophically if one or a handful servers experience errors.
Term
DNS Zone
Definition
These are the domains that are managed by an Organization's DNS.

ex. google.com yahoo.com
Term
Zone Transfer
Definition
A process where a secondary DNS server requests an update to its database from the Primary server.
Term
Open Source
Definition
A term for software whose code is publicly available for use and modification.
Term
Split DNS
Definition
aka Split-horizon DNS

Internal and external DNS queries are handle by different DNS servers or by a single DNS server that is specially configured to keep internal and external DNS zones separate.
Term
Firewall
Definition
A device, either a router or a computer running software, that selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks.
Term
DMZ
Definition
Demilitarized zone

This is the area between two firewalls. There is one firewall to the outside network and one firewall before the internal network.
Term
Resource Records
Definition
Records kept in a DNS database.
Term
A (Address) Record
Definition
A resource record whose primary function of DNS is to match host names to IP addresses using IPv4 addresses.
Term
AAAA (Address) record
Definition
Does name-to-address mapping but uses IPv6 instead of IPv4
Term
CNAME (Canonical Name) record
Definition
These hold alternative names for a host.
Term
PTR (Pointer) Record
Definition
Used for reverse lookup, to provide a host name when you know its IP address.
Term
MX (Mail Exchanger) record
Definition
Identifies a mail server and is used for email traffic.
Term
Canonical Name
Definition
This is the true name of a server.
Term
DDNS
Definition
Dynamic DNS

This monitors the IP addresses dynamically assigned to us by our home network ISP. It reports IP address changes to the DDNS service which will automatically update DNS records.
Term
Socket
Definition
Consists of a host's IP address and the port number of an application running on the host.

ex: 192.168.0.0:80
Term
Well-Known Ports
Definition
Ports that range from 0 to 1023 and are assigned by IANA.
Term
Registered Ports
Definition
These ports range from 1024 to 49151 and can be used by network users and processes that are not considered standard processes.
Term
Dynamic Port
Definition
A port number that can be assigned by a client or server as the need arises.
Term
Private Port
Definition
A port number assigned by a Network Admin that is different from a well-known port.
Term
SNMP
Definition
Simple Network Management Protocol (:161)

Port used to monitor and manage network traffic.
Term
TFTP
Definition
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (:69)

Computers commonly use this as they are booting up to request config files from another computer on the local network.
Term
NTP
Definition
Network Time Protocol (:123)

A simple protocol used to synchronize clocks on computers on a network.
Term
SMB
Definition
Server Message Block

Used by earlier Windows OSs for file sharing on a network.
Term
SIP
Definition
Session Initiation Protocol (:5060/5065)

Makes an initial connection between hosts for transferring multimedia data.
Term
H.323
Definition
Signaling protocol used to make a connection between hosts prior to communicating multimedia data.
Term
MGCP
Definition
Media Gateway Control Protocol

A signaling protocol that is used to communicate multimedia data.
Term
NetBT
Definition
NetBIOS over TCP/IP aka NetBIOS (:137-139)

Protocol that allows old applications designed for NetBIOS to work on TCP/IP networks.
Term
Packet Analyzer
Definition
aka Protocol Analyzer

Used to collect and examine network messages that use all of these various protocols.

ex. Wireshark
Term
Class A IP Address
Definition
10.0.0.0
Term
Class B IP address
Definition
172.10.0.0
Term
Class C IP Address
Definition
192.168.1.0
Term
Multicasting in IPv4
Definition
Used with Class D addresses 224-239 in which one host sends messages to multiple hosts.

ex. videoconference.
Term
Loopback Address
Definition
127.0.0.1

An address used to verify that TCP/IP is configured correctly on a computer.
Term
Loopback Interface
Definition
A computer's connection with itself.
Term
APIPA
Definition
Automatic Private IP Addressing

169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254

If a computer is configured for DHCP and no IP can be leased it will default to this IP range.
Term
DHCP Scope
Definition
A range of IP addresses to be assigned to clients when they request for an IP address.
Term
DHCP reservation
Definition
A static IP that is assigned to a computer by DHCP.
Term
Public IP Address
Definition
These are IP addresses that can be seen on the internet.
Term
Private IP Addresses
Definition
These IP addresses can only be used on private networks.

10.0.0.0 -> 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 -> 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 -> 192.168.255.255
Term
NAT
Definition
Network Address Translation

A network technique used to conserve public IP addresses needed by a network. It will substitute private IP addresses to its public IP address. This allows the clients to access the internet. This process is called address translation.
Term
PAT
Definition
Port Address Translation

Assigns a seperate TCP port number to each ongoing session between a local host and an internet host.
Term
SNAT
Definition
Static Network Address Translation

This gateway assigns the same public IP address to a host each time it makes a request ot access the Internet.
Term
DNAT or Dynamic NAT
Definition
When the gateway has a pool of public IP addresses that it is free to assign to a local host whenever the local host makes a request to access the internet.
Term
Local Link
Definition
Any LAN bounded by routers.
Term
Tunneling
Definition
a method used by IPv6 to transport IPv6 packets through or over an IPv4 network.
Term
interface ID
Definition
The last 64 bits of an IPv6 address that uniquely identifies the local link.
Term
Neighbors
Definition
Two or more nodes on the same link
Term
unicast address
Definition
This type of address specifies a single node on a network. There are two types, global and link local addresses.
Term
multicast address
Definition
Packets are delivered to all nodes in the targeted multicast group.
Term
anycast address
Definition
Can identify multiple destinations, with packets delivered to the closest destination.
Term
Global Unicast address
Definition
aka Global Address

These addresses can be routed to the internet and are similar to IPv4 public addresses.

Use prefix 2000::/3
Term
Subnet ID
Definition
The 16 bits after the first 48 bits that identify the subnet of a smaller network on a larger network.
Term
Link Local Address
Definition
aka link local unicast address

Used for communicating with nodes on the same link. Similar to APIPA.

Uses prefix FE80::/64
Term
EUI-64
Definition
Extended Unique Identifier-64

A standard that needs a MAC address to convert from a 48 bit address to a 64 bit address to work with IPv6.
Term
Dual stacked
Definition
A term for a network that uses both IPv4 and IPv6.
Term
6to4
Definition
Most common tunneling protocol. IPv6 addresses intended to be used by this protocol always begins with 2002::/16. The next 32 bits are from the IPv4 address.
Term
ISATAP
Definition
Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol

Protocol only works on a single organization's intranet. Is enabled by default in Windows 7 and Windows 8.1.

Used to go from IPv6 to IPv4
Term
Teredo
Definition
IPv6 addresses using this protocol always begin with 2001::/32. Enabled by default in Windows 7 but not 8.1.
Term
4to6
Definition
This tunneling protocol goes from IPv4 to IPv6.
Term
ping command
Definition
Packet Internet Groper

Is used to verify TCP/IP is installed, bound to the NIC, configured correctly, and communicating with the network. It uses echo signals.
Term
ifconfig
Definition
Used on UNIX and Linux Systems to view and manage TCP/IP settings.
Term
nslookup
Definition
Name Space Lookup

Allows you to query the DNS database from any computer on the network and find the host name of a device by specifying its IP address, or vice versa.
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