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2210
Exam 2
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/14/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Automatic Thinking
Definition
Thinking that is unconscious, unintentional, and effortless.
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisions.
Term
Schemas
Definition
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects, and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember.
Term
Accessibility
Definition
The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's mind and are therefore likely to be used when making judgements about the social world.
Term
Priming
Definition
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept.
Term
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Definition
The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true.
Term
Judgmental Heuristics
Definition
Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently.
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with with which they can bring something to mind.
Term
Analytic Thinking Style
Definition
A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in western cultures.
Term
Holistic Thinking Style
Definition
A type of thinking in which people focus on the overal context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in East Asian cultures.
Term
Counterfactual Reasoning
Definition
Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been.
Term
Carli (1999)
Definition
study in which participants read a story about a trip involving Barbara and Jack ended in either a proposal or a rape. Two weeks later participants tended to misremember details of the story that fit with their schema for what happened. This suggests that schemas become stronger and more resistant to change over time.
Term
Stereotype
Definition
A generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members.
Term
Higgins, Rholes, & Jones (1977)
Definition
Research participants thought they were participating in two separate studies. The first task involved identifying different colors while memorizing a list of words. The second task required them to read a paragraph about Donald and give their impressions of him. Participants impressions of Donald were affected by whether they had memorized positive or negative words in the first task of the study
Term
Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968)
Definition
Resulted in the Pygmalion effect, where the greater the expectation placed upon people, the better they performed.
Term
Shariff & Norenzayan (2007)
Definition
God is watching you; Priming god concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game.
Term
Schwarz et all. (1991)
Definition
the participants were asked to describe either 6 or 12 examples of assertive, or unassertive, behavior. Subsequently, participants were later asked to rate their own assertiveness. The results showed that participants rated themselves as more assertive after describing 6, rather than 12, examples for the assertive behavior condition, and conversely rated themselves as less assertive after describing 6, rather than 12, examples for the unassertive behavior condition. The study reflected that the implications of recalled content were qualified by the ease with which the respective content could be brought to mind (easier to recall 6 examples, rather than 12)
Term
Nonverbal Communication
Definition
The way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; nonverbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze.
Term
Encode
Definition
To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back.
Term
Decode
Definition
To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness.
Term
Display Rules
Definition
Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display.
Term
Implicit Personality Theory
Definition
A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that someone who is kind is generous as well.
Term
Internal Attributions
Definition
The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality.
Term
External Attributions
Definition
The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he is in. The assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation.
Term
Covariation Model
Definition
The theory states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible casual factors and whether or not the behavior occurs.
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the roles of situational factors.
Term
Perceptual Salience
Definition
The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention.
Term
Self-serving Attributions
Definition
Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors.
Term
Defensive Attributions
Definition
Explanations for behaviors that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality.
Term
Belief in a Just World
Definition
A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people.
Term
Collectivism
Definition
stress the importance of cohesion within social groups (such as an "in-group", in what specific context it is defined) and in some cases, the priority of group goals over individual goals.
Term
Individualism
Definition
Refers to the way people identify themselves and focus their goals. Gives priority to personal goals (as opposed to the goals of a group or society)
Term
Mirror Neuron
Definition
A neuron that fires when a person acts and when he observes the same action performed by another.
Term
Universal Facial Expression
Definition
There are 6 distinct expressions that are considered universal: happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust, anger
Term
Emblem
Definition
Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign
Term
Taylor & Fiske (1975)
Definition
Point of view and perceptions of causality.
Term
Harris (1967)
Definition
Experiment where subjects read essays about Castro. Fundamental Attribution Error. The subjects were unable to see the influence of the situational constraints placed upon the writers; they could not refrain from attributing sincere belief to the writers.
Term
Self-Concept
Definition
Multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual's perception of "self" in relation to any number of characteristics, such as academics (and nonacademics), gender roles and sexuality, racial identity, and many others.
Term
Introspection
Definition
The process of "looking inward" and examining one's self and one's own actions in order to gain insight.
Term
Self-Awareness Theory
Definition
The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values.
Term
Casual Theories
Definition
Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture. (e.g., "absence makes the heart grow fonder")
Term
Self-Perception Theory
Definition
The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures.
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting.
Term
Overjustification Effect
Definition
The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons.
Term
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Definition
The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek appropriate explanation for it.
Term
Misattribution of Arousal
Definition
The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do.
Term
Social Comparison Theory
Definition
The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people
Term
Social Tuning
Definition
The process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes.
Term
Self-Control
Definition
is the ability to control one's emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain some reward, or avoid some punishment.
Term
Impression Management
Definition
The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen.
Term
Self Esteem
Definition
People's evaluations of their own self-worth. That is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent.
Term
Behavioral Self-Handicapping
Definition
People act in ways that reduce the likelihood that they will succeed on a task, so that if they fail they can blame it on the obstacles they created rather than on their lack of ability.
Term
Reported Self-Handicapping
Definition
People devise ready-made excuses in case they fail.
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