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| layer of trachea that has cilia; rests on thick lamina propria that has rich supply of elastic fibers |
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| layer of trachea that produces mucus "sheets" within trachea; seromucous glands; |
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| layer of trachea that is outermost; hyaline cartilage; flexible enough to stretch and move during inspiration and recoil during expiration; cartilage rings keep prevent it from collapsing |
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| this muscle connects the open posterior parts of cartilage rings in trachea with esophagus; helps us cough |
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| cartilage where trachea branches into two main bronchi; most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex |
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| where the respiratory zone begins; the terminal bronchioles feed into these |
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| alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes form this; air-blood barrier that has gas on one side and blood flowing past on the other |
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| cells on alveoli; secrete a fluid containing surfactant that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces; surfactant's role is to reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid; |
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| layer of squamous epithelial cells on alveoli; very thin; makes up most of walls of alveoli; |
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| provide systemic blood to lung tissue; small volume, high pressure input; |
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| main, lobar, and segmental |
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| the conducting network within lungs is called ______ because branches keep getting smaller |
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| respiratory bronchioles lead into these things |
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| connect adjacent alveoli and allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed due to disease |
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| nerve fibers enter each lung through the _________; parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers, and visceral sensory fibers |
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| pleural fluid and pleural cavity |
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Definition
| the pleura layer produce this and fills this part of the lungs |
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pressure in pleural cavity; always 4 mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure but also fluctuates with breathing phases;
Elastic recoil of lung, Surface tension of alveolar fluid, and Elasticity of thoracic wall responsible for maintaining this
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| difference between intralpulmonary and intrapleural pressures - keeps air spaces of lungs open AKA keeps lungs from collapsing |
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| presence of air in intrapleural space |
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| blood in intrapleural cavity |
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| pressure exerted by a gas -proportional to % of gas in the mixtuer |
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| when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure |
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| pulmonary gas exchange (as opposed to cells exchanging in body) |
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| ventilation-perfusion coupling |
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| how there must be a close match between the amount of gas reaching alveoli and blood flowing in pulmonary capillaries |
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| the term for how high level of CO2 and lower pH causes hemoglobin to release O2. |
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| hemoglobin + carbon dioxide |
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| enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid |
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| chloride ions move from the plasma into RBC's to counterbalance the rapid outrush of carbonic acid from RBCs into plasma. this process is reversed in the lungs |
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| this effect is how reduced hemoglobin has greater ability to form carbaminohemoglobin and to buffer H by combining with it |
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| carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
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Definition
| read more about this; resists shifts in blood pH |
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Term
| ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
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Definition
| network of neurons that extends in brain stem from spinal cord to pons-medulla junction; contains neurons fire during inspiration and others that fire during expiration |
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Term
| pontine respiratory group |
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Definition
| this transmits impulses to the VRG of the medulla; modifies and finetunes breathing rhythms generated by VRG during certain activities such as vocalization, sleep, and exercise |
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