Shared Flashcard Set

Details

205 Part 2
biology
71
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/17/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 3 phylums of Deuterstomes we studied?
Definition
Hemi-chordates, chordates, and echinoderms
Term
What 2 traits of chordates do hemichordates have?
Definition
Pharangial slits and Dorsal Nerve chord
Term
Four traits of chordata?
Definition
1. Notochord (stiffened tissue supporting the body) 2. Dorsal nerve chord 3. Post Anal tail 4. Pharangial slits
Term
Name the key traits of Vertebrates.
Definition
Cranium, cephelazation (nervous tissue is concentrated in head region, backbone
Term
What subphylum is agnatha?
Describe this class.
Definition
Vertebrates. Agnatha are jawless (includes lampreys), endoparasites
Term
sub-phylum Cephalochordates:
Phylum?
Common Name?
Key Traits?
Definition
1. Phylum chordata 2. Lancelets 3. Only 25 species, bury in wet sand
Term
Subphylum urochordates
Definition
The Tunicates. Baglike appearance, marine filter feeders, 3000 species
Term
What are the three types of instability in fish and how are they solved?
Definition
§ Yaw: left/right deflection – solved by dorsal and ventral fins
§ Pitch: Up/down – solved by Pectoral fins
§ Roll: Rotation – solved by dorsal, pectoral, and anal fins
Term
What is the difference between homologous and analogous traits?
Definition
- Homologous traits refer to traits in different species with a common ancestor, where the trait remains the same in the ancestor.
- Analogous traits to those that converged separately.
Term
What are Gnathostomes?
Definition
The clade of jawed vertebrates
Term
What are chondrichthyes?
Definition
Early jawed vertebrates, includes sharks and rays. They lack a swim bladder.
Term
What is a swim bladder?
Definition
a gas filled bladder that allows fish to regulate buoyancy so they don’t sink. As a result, sharks need more energy to adjust buoyancy since they don't have one. Their large livers help reduce density.
Term
What group of algae did land plants evolve from?
Name some similarities or reasons why we believe they are linked.
Definition
Charophytes.

- Live in shallow fresh water that dries up seasonally, thus they adapted to living in air
- Cell walls
- Swimming sperm
- Organelle peroxisome
Term
What are the major groups of land plants?
Definition
1. Most primitive: Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts)
- Non vascular (no tubes)
2. Pteridophytes – seedless vascular plants
3. Gynosperms (naked seed)
- Abundance going down
4. Angiosperms (flowering)
- Most abundant
Term
What features have plants used to adapt to land living?
Definition
*Waxy cuticle, spores, embryo, cellulose starch, photosynthesis, Apical meristems, alternate generations
1. Waxy cuticle - prevents water loss
2. Spores - Haploid reproductive structures that can disperse and develop into new plants
3. Retention of embryo by parent
4. Use of starch as storage material
5. Cellulose for rigidity
6. Photosynthetic method of getting nutrients
7. - Apical meristem – tips of plants, where growth happens, gives access to sunlight
8. - Alteration of generations – complex life cycles, have both haploid and diploid stages
Term
Recognize polyphyletic group Bryophytes.
Definition
1. Consist of Marchantiophyta (liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses). 25,000 species
2. Fossil record: 400 mya
3.Lack vascular tissue (vascular tissue can function as “circulatory” system)
4. Many lack cuticles
5. Lack seeds
6. Must live in moist areas to obtain water via diffusion.
7. Have Swimming sperm
Term
What two major groups of seeded plants (spermatophytes) did we study?
Definition
Angiosperms (flowering) and Gymnosperms (naked seed)
Term
How do you recognize gymnosperms?
How many species...
Definition
1. Includes conifers (pines), ginko, getophytes (woody plants), and cycad 2. Appears in diploid sporophyte form 3. Most have pollen rather than swimming sperm 4. about 700 species. 5.No fruit (naked seed = no overy)
Term
How to recognize angiosperms?
Definition
1. Flowering plants 2. Most successful group - 250,000, fierce competitors 3. Most seeds enclosed in ovaries
Term
How do angiosperms avoid selfing (self-pollination)?
Definition
1. Fruits assist in dispersal via mutualism with animals (pollination, frit eaters). 2. Winged seeds that catch the wind 3. Anthers may release pollen before stigma matures
Term
What is the problem with selfing?
Definition
It minimizes diversity and can cause genetic problems - rare undesirable recessive traits are more likely to appear.
Term
What are the two types of vascular tissues?
Definition
Phloem and Xylem
Term
What is phloem?
Definition
Phloem is the soft tubing that transports carbohydrates and nutrients.
Term
What is xylem?
Definition
Hard walled tubing that starts in the roots and transports water and nutrients in the plant.
Term
What early fruited plant did we learn about?
Definition
Archaefructus - Had carpels and stamens, but not fully developed flowers.
Term
What key trait sets angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Definition
Pollination - angiosperms target pollination.
Term
what is gametophyte phase?
Definition
Haploid phase seen in plants and algae
Term
What is sporophyte phase?
Definition
In the sporophyte phase, a diploid plant body grows and eventually produces spores through meiosis
Term
Which group of plants has a dominant gametophyte phase?
Definition
Bryophytes
Term
The sporophyte phase is dominant in which groups that we studied?
Definition
Angiosperms and gymnosperms (vascular seeded plants)
Term
How are gynosperms said to be in the decline?
Definition
The number of species has gone down since their more primitive years.
Term
What seedless vascular group did we study? How is it recognized?
Definition
Pteridophytes (ferns). *4 phyla (12000 species - most are ferns), has both xylem and phloem tissue but lacks seeds. They aren't as H2O dependent.
Term
What defines a seed (3 traits)?
Definition
1. Embryo 2. Food storage 3. protective coat
Term
What are the benefits of having seeds?
Definition
1. Allows plants to survive on land and grow into sporophytes. 2. Allows for dispersal (good for resource competition of sun, food, water..) 3. Produces coevolution 4. Allows mutualistic relationship between plants and seed dispenser animals.
Term
How do ferns disperse?
Definition
Spores - reproductive structures in ferns
Term
Importance of bryophytes?
Definition
1. The genus sphagnum can hold water on bogs - a major component of ecosystems (it grows like a surface material on water) - also called peat moss 2. It can be used for burning.
Term
How do nutrients get into the plant roots?
Definition
Cells create a membrane potential (difference in charge across a membrane). Protons are pumped out to create this gradient and as a result, the system attempts to equal the charge. Cations are attracted inside to a negative charge and are transported via cotransport proteins. A positive charge inside the cell will result in anions (especially nitrate-NO3) being transported into the cell. Neutral solutes such as sucrose may be cotransported as well.
Term
Explain the role in hypertonicity to move water into the plant roots.
Definition
All the nutrients drawn into the cell via a membrane potential create plant cells that are hypertonic to their environment. As a result, water is drawn in.
Term
How does water get transported to the top of plants?
Definition
Process: 1. Cohesion - hydrogen bonds of water keep water molecules together. 2. Adhesion - Water hangs on to the xylem cells (due to charge difference)3. Tension - Water is pulled up as a result of evaporation in the leaves. Water forms a long chain from the leaf to the root.
Term
What is transpiration?
Definition
Water loss through the leaves (thru the stomata)
Term
How is sugar transported?
Definition
Sugar translocation - Protons are ejected outside of the cell to a high concentration. Protons and sucrose move into the cell where there is a low concentration (by contransporters). The sugar creates a hypertonic cell so water flows in. Result = high water pressure. The Phloem cells are connected like a tube, so the high pressure is relieved by having the water/nutrient solution flow through this tubing.
Term
What is the initial cell? What are the sink cells?
Definition
Initial cell = source phloem cell, where pressure is very high. Solution flows from initial cell to sink cells (which have low pressure).
Term
3 subphylum of chordata?
Definition
Urochordates, cephelochordates, vertebrates
Term
What is significant about the color red in flowers.
Definition
It's a color that mammals and birds see well and thus are attracted to. This attraction results in a mutualistic relationship where angiosperms are pollinated.
Term
What type of flowers are birds attracted to?
Definition
Red, weak scented
Term
What angiosperms are bats attracted to?
Definition
White, strong odor (they're night time pollinators)
Term
What angiosperms are moths attracted to?
Definition
Variable colored, sweet scented
Term
What angiosperms are bees attracted to?
Definition
Yellow, purple, UV patterns, sweet scents
Term
An example of specialized pollination?
Definition
The Rufus hummingbird - Octillo's flowers bloom at the same time the birds are passing thru in migration.
Term
The benefits of flowers targeting one species?
Definition
That species will take the pollen to the proper species (reliability)
Term
Disadvantages to targeting a single species?
Definition
If the species dies out the flower is screwed (like putting all eggs in one basket)
Term
Generalist vs specialist?
Definition
General pollination involves several speceis, which is better if there's a population crash.
Term
What are the three chief vertebrate clades?
Definition
1. Gnathostomes - jawed 2. Tetrapods - four limbs 3. Amniotes - amniotic egg
Term
What was a key benefit of the amniotic egg?
Definition
Amphibians required water for reproduction. This egg prevented dessication and allowed movement onto land.
Term
Elements of amniotic egg?
Definition
gas exchange, food supply, nitrogenous waste (similar to seed)
Term
Class reptilia
Definition
It's paraphyletic - it doesn't include mammals and birds which came from this group. 8,500 species - used to contain more. Amniotic egg, scaly dry skin
Term
Class mammalia
Definition
Very successful currently (5800), diversity came about 66 mya. Traits: hair, endothermy, mammary glands/milk, live birth.
Distinctive inner earbones for hearing in air vs water (homologous to reptile jaw).
Term
Mammal ancestors
Definition
Dimetrodor. Therapsid group - had vertical leg - "ventral" vs. lateral like in most reptiles (210 mya).
Term
Fungi and humans?
Definition
Food spoilage, disease, food, drugs, model organism,
Term
Bony fish and their three lineages
Definition
Ostheichthyes - ray finned (most common), lung, lobe finned
Term
Bony fish evolution
Definition
450 mya, evolved in fresh water, 20,000, bone is advantageous in that it can repair itself and is stronger than cartilage, highly mobile fins, swim bladder is homologous to lung (which came first). Operculum allows efficient flow of water into mouths
Term
Ray finned
Definition
Most successful bony fish, rays support fins. ONLY group with a swim bladder. Others have lung like organ.
Term
lung fish
Definition
can aestricate - burrow to survive
Term
lobe finned
Definition
ancestors of tetrapod clade, had four limb-like fins. Coelocant is the only living genus "living fossil" - it hadn't been seen for 200,000 years
Term
Acanthostega
Definition
Has gills and latterally compressed tail and four limbs. The middle man between lobe finned and tetrapods. 360 mya. It's pelvic girdle was well evolved like land animals.
Term
Benefit of having legs in water?
Definition
Can move about in shallow water, can crawl over/under things, can feed on bottoms of lakes. 360 mya was a time of swamps and shallow water
Term
1st vertebrate class on land?
Definition
Amphibia
Term
Amphibians
Definition
Require water for reproduction, need water to live (constraint on adaption to terrestrial living), lungs, cutaneous respiration
Term
Frogs and toads
Definition
Hind limbs evolved to be large and flexed
Term
salamanders
Definition
Retained ancestral look - four limbs and hind limbs are about the same size
Term
Legless forms of tetrapods?
Definition
Snakes, caecillans (like snakes but with moist skin), the benefit of no legs = burrowing
Supporting users have an ad free experience!