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2010 Physiological Psychology
Wittenberg University - Dr. Jo Wilson - Material for Test 2
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/20/2010

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Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Reticular formation
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cerebrum
Term
Medulla
Definition
enlargement of the spinal cord where it enters the skull
Controls breathing, vomiting, coughing, gagging, sneezing
Term
Pons
Definition
“bridge” in latin
Where information from the right side of the brain crosses over to the left side of the body, and vice versa
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
“little cerebrum”
Coordinates movement in response to stimuli
Very susceptible to the effects of alcohol
Term
Reticular formation
Definition
makes you respond to stimuli and pay attention to things; does not have enough norepinephrine in ADD patients
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
controls stress response, BONERZ, the 4 Fs, sleep, eating, drinking
Regulates biological clock
Sleep is important for conserving energy
Takes place at a time when it is dangerous for us to be awake; our night vision sucks and we’re slow
Term
Thalamus
Definition
“switchboard operator” of the brain; decides what you will pay attention to
Term
Limbic system
Definition
“limbus” means “shadow”; under the cerebrum; controls emotions
Contains Septum, Amygdala, and Hippocampus
Term
Septum
Definition
part of the limbic system; produces feelings of happiness...awwwwww; releases dopamine
Term
Amygdala
Definition
part of the limbic system; controls flight or fight emotions
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
part of the limbic system; regulates activity in the amygdala and septum; forms new long-term memory
Term
Basal ganglia
Definition
allows the initiation of voluntary movement
Associated with dopamine
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Term
Cerebral cortex
Definition
outside layer of the cerebrum
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
largest structure in the brain; where personality, conscience and intelligence lie
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
receives information from the body; contains somatosensory cortex-- processes sensory information from the body
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
processes information from the eyes; contains visual cortex
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
processes taste, smell, and auditory stimuli
Term
Reptilian brain
Definition
The core of our brains
Brain stem
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum (hindbrain)
Reticular formation (midbrain)
Hypothalamus and thalamus (forebrain)
Designed to respond to stimuli, reproduce, conserve energy
An injury to the reptilian brain is a brain stem injury
Term
Old mammalian brain
Definition
Contains reptilian brain and basal ganglia
Term
OCD
Definition
caused by a fucked up basal ganglia; can also cause tics
Term
Parkinson’s disease
Definition
caused by a lack of dopamine to the basal ganglia
Treated with L-dopa, which crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted to dopamine
Term
Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea(“to dance”))
Definition
Caused by too much dopamine, caused by an error on chromosome 4, a dominant gene
High levels of dopamine are associated with psychosis
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
form of psychosis where the reason is unknown
Diagnosis by exclusion
Thought disturbances
Usually develops between 16-26
Show early signs of dopamine malfunction (as babies, reaching with two hands, crawling with one arm)
Term
Learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in behavior that comes about as a result of experience
Term
Explicit learning
Definition
learning we know is taking place; you are aware of learning something new; involves the cerebrum
Term
Consolidation
Definition
new memories are converted to long-term memories; involves the hippocampus
Term
Implicit learning
Definition
learning we do not know is taking place; classical conditioning, phobias etc.
Term
Short-term memory
Definition
can only hold 7 items, only there for 15-20 seconds
Term
Long-term memory
Definition
in the cerebrum; infinite capacity; goes from short-term memory through the hippocampus to long-term memory
Term
New mammalian brain
Definition
Consists of reptilian brain and old mammalian brain
Added the cerebrum, which lets us learn in new ways due to long-term memory, and sensory cortex
Term
Circadian rhythm
Definition
usually about 25 hours
Usually inherited
Term
Synchronized brainwaves
Definition
large, slow, regular brainwaves; associated with sleep; never seen in someone who is awake unless you’re messed up/having a seizure/have ADD
Theta and delta waves
Term
Theta waves
Definition
synchronized brainwaves; 5 waves/second; associated with light sleep
Term
Delta waves
Definition
synchronized brainwaves; 2 waves/second
Term
Desynchronized brainwaves
Definition
small, fast, irregular brainwaves; associated with consciousness
Beta and alpha waves
Term
Beta waves
Definition
20 waves per second; associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Alpha waves
Definition
10 waves per second; associated with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system; relaxed wakefulness
Term
Sleep cycle
Definition
lasts 90 minutes; I → II → III → IV → III → II → I
Term
4 stages of sleep
Definition
I: light stage of sleep; theta waves
II: sleep spindles and K-complexes appear
III: delta waves start to appear
IV: when more than 50% of brainwaves are delta waves

We spend a lot of time in stage III and IV early on in the night
Term
Sleep spindle
Definition
areas of desynchronization during synchronized brain activity
Term
K-complex
Definition
spikes in brain activity
Term
REM
Definition
in the last stage of sleep, the eyes start moving rapidly and brain activity appears to be conscious
An area in the medulla turns off all your muscles (except the eyes)
MORNING WOOD! Happens in REM sleep
REM deprivation leads to irritability, inattention, overeating, and MASTURBATIOOOON RAWR
Term
Somnambulism
Definition
sleep-walking
Usually just in children, though some adults don’t outgrow it
Occurs in stage IV sleep
Term
Night terrors
Definition
person wakes up in stage IV sleep; mostly in children; wake up terrified and don’t know why
Nightmare: dream with negative emotional content; wake up in stage I sleep
Term
Insomnia
Definition
inability to fall asleep and stay asleep
Learn to relax
Sleeping pills are a pretty crappy solution
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
“sleep seizures”
Usually have an “aura” before it hits
Term
REM sleep disorder
Definition
person goes into REM sleep and starts acting out their dreams
Typically in older people
Term
Enuresis
Definition
bedwetting
Results when sphincter doesn’t learn to hold urine
Happens in stage IV sleep
Can result from drinking too much alcohol
Term
Retrograde amnesia
Definition
a loss of memory from a point in time backwards (usually after being knocked unconscious)
Term
Anterograde amnesia
Definition
no longer able to make new memories; consolidation is no longer possible due to destruction of the hippocampus
Term
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Definition
occurs in alcoholics; hippocampus is destroyed on both sides of the brain
Term
Motor cortex
Definition
located in the frontal lobe; controls fine movement
Term
Association cortex
Definition
areas of the cortex which are neither sensory nor motor; makes associations between stimuli
Term
Phonemes
Definition
basic units of sound; American English has 40; Korean and Italian only have 15-18 phonemes
Term
Morphemes
Definition
smallest unit of meaningful sound (words)
Term
Grammar
Definition
the rules we follow to put morphemes together
Term
Language production
Definition
takes place in Broca's area in the frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)
Term
Broca's area
Definition
forms morphemes and controls muscles (through the motor cortex) in the lips, throat, and mouth to form speech
Term
Vowel
Definition
sounds where you let the air flow freely
Term
Consonants
Definition
sounds where you restrict the flow of air
Term
Language comprehension
Definition
separate from language production; takes place in Wernicke's area (in the temporal lobe)
Term
Aphasia
Definition
language disorder
Term
Expressive aphasia
Definition
person has trouble expressing themselves; caused by damage to Broca's area
Term
Receptive aphasia
Definition
caused by damage to Wernicke's area; inability to understand what is being said
Term
Stutter
Definition
when Broca's area is on both sides of the brain, the person gets info from both sides at once and stutters
Term
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Definition
damage to the temporal lobe causes seizures; treated by cutting the corpus callosum
Term
Frontal lobe syndrome
Definition
damage to the prefrontal cortex causes apathy; nothing has meaning; can't make distinctions between differences
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