Term
| What does the muscular component of the diaphragm attach to “centrally”? |
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Definition
| central tendon of the diaphragm |
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Term
| What passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebral body? What other structure accompanies it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect on diaphragm function if the right phrenic nerve is damaged? |
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Definition
| Right hemidiaphragm is paralyzed – expansion of lung on affected side more difficult. |
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Term
| What are the two muscles in the posterior abdomen that forms the chief flexor of the thigh? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the kidneys originate during development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of structures at the hilum of the kidney? |
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Definition
| Vein, artery, ureter/renal pelvis |
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Term
| What are the major structures in the kidney medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Into what structure does the renal papillae empty urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the fatty “encasement” that surrounds the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are accessory/aberrant renal arteries common? |
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Definition
| During its ascent out of the pelvis, the kidneys lose & re-establish their arterial supply and thus may have multiple branches rather than just one renal artery to each kidney. |
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Term
| How can accessory/aberrant renal arteries lead to hydronephrosis? |
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Definition
| Accessory arteries to the inferior pole of the kidney can compress the ureter, thus restricting urine flow and eventual dilation of the collecting system within the kidney with backed up urine |
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Term
| What are end arteries and give 4 examples |
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Definition
| Arteries that do not anastomose with other arteries. Ex: vasa recti, segmental renal arteries, segmental hepatic arteries, segmental pulmonary arteries, the appendicular artery (which is a named vas recti). |
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Term
| What is the shape of the left suprarenal gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the hilum of the suprarenal gland? |
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Definition
| Where the suprarenal vein exits the gland. |
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Term
| Name four different paired arteries off the abdominal aorta , from superior to inferior? |
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Definition
| Inferior phrenic, renal , testicular/ovarian, lumbar, common iliac. |
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Term
| At what lumbar vertebral level does the aorta bifurcate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Into what venous structure does most of the veins of the retroperitoneum drain on the right vs the left side? |
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Definition
| Right – IVC, Left – left renal vein. |
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Term
| On the left side, what does the vein in Q17 pass over to reach the inferior vena cava? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerves of the lumbar plexus are involved in the cremaster reflex? |
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Definition
| The cremaster reflex tests the integrity of L1-L2 spinal cord level. By stroking the skin over the femoral triangle, the cremaster muscle reflexly contracts, raising the testicle. The nerve involved is mostly the genitofemoral nerve, but some sensory from ilioinguinal nerve. |
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Term
| What are the two lumbar plexus nerves that innervate the thigh? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to most of the GI tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of parasympathetic innervation to the gut? |
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Definition
| Increased peristalsis, increased secretion of digestive juices, sphincter control. |
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Term
| What are visceral afferents and what is the characteristic of the pain associated with them compared to somatic afferents? |
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Definition
| Sensory nerves of the GI tract. Visceral afferents that carry pain perception are through stretch receptors. It is perceived as dull, achy, poorly localized pains over general areas either referred to the midline or over the affected solid organs. |
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Term
| In the gut, what does increased sympathetic tone result in the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Vasoconstriction. Of vessels to the gut |
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Term
| In the abdominal cavity, the GI tract drains into which set of lymph nodes? |
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Definition
| Preaortic or intestinal nodes |
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Term
| The Retroperitoneum and lower extremities drains into which set of lymph nodes? |
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Definition
| Para-aortic or lumbar nodes |
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Term
In general, the lymphatic drainage of the abdomen and its contents follows the path of what
other system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Into which lymph nodes do the testes/ovary drain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Into which lymph nodes does the scrotum initially drain into? |
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Definition
| Superficial inguinal nodes |
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