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2_Animal structure and function
Chapter 38
64
Biology
Graduate
01/26/2010

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Term
Epidermis 
Definition

-Epithelial layer of the skin

-Covers the entire body

-Protects 

 

Term
functions of epithelial tissue ? 
Definition

1. epithelial layer - lines the digestive tract and absorbs nutrients

2. skin - protects 

3. glands - secrete hormones

4. sensory receptors (nose and taste buds) receive info from environment

Term
homeostatic mechanisms
Definition

systems working together to regulate. 

ex) nervous, cardiovas and endocrine work together to regulate body temperature

Term
simple epithelieum 
Definition

-single layer

-used for diffusion 

ex) air sacs of lungs 

Term
stratified epithelium 
Definition

-two or more layers

-for protection 

-outer layer of skin

Term
*endothelium
Definition

-lining of blood and lymph vessels 

-have diff. embryonic origin from "true" ephithelium 

-but structurally similar

Term
*gland
Definition

-one or more epithelial cells that secrete

ex) sweat, milk 

- goblet, sweat and salivary

Term
*exocrine gland
Definition

-secrete products onto free epithelial surface through a duct (tube) 

ex) goblet cells and sweat glands and parotid salivary gland

Term
*endoncrine gland
Definition

- lacks ducts 

-release hormones into intersititual fluid or blood 

 

Term
*interstitial fluid
Definition
tissue fluid
Term
*epithelial membrane 
Definition

epithelial tissue + underlying connective tissue

ex) mucous membrane and serous membrane

Term
*mucous membrane / mucosa
Definition

lines body cavity that opens to outside of body 

ex) digestive or respiratory 

Term
*serous membrane
Definition

-lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside of the body

-secretes fluid into the cavity it lines 

-simple squamous epithelium + thin layer of loose connective tissue

Term
*goblet
Definition
Term
connective tissue has what three types of fiber? 
Definition
- collagen, elastic and reticular
Term
Epithelial
Definition

Covers the whole surface of the body; inside and outside. Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities; the layers or cells separates organism from environment (ex esphagous, stomach etc lined with epilthelim, ‘for something to get into body, it must cross epithelium’.)

*Function: protection, absorption and secretion

*Classifications: (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)- refers to shape

(simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional)- refers to layers

Term
Pseudostratified
Definition
‘appears’ stratified 
Term
Cuboidal
Definition

The cubic shape of a type of epithelial cell.

 

Term
Columnar
Definition

The column shape of a type of epithelial cell.

Term
Squamous
Definition

The flat, tile-like shape of a type of epithelial cell.

Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition
consists of a simple layer of squamous cells.  Highly adapted for filtration and exchange of substances. Forms walls of air sacs of the lungs, lines blood vessels, and contribute to serosae
Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition

commonly active in secretion and absorption. Found in glands and kidney tubules.

Term

Simple columnar epithelium

Definition

specialized for secretion and absoprtion, consists of a single layer of tall columnar cells that often exhibit microvilli and globlet cells. Lines most of the digestive tract.

 

Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
is a multilayered; cells at the free edge are squamous.  It is adapted to resist abrasion.  It lines the esophagus; its keratinized variety forms the skin epidermis.
Term
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition

is found chiefly in the ducts of large glands.

Term
Stratified columnar epithelium
Definition

is rare in the body; commonly appears  at junctions between other epithelial types.

Term
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition

is a simple columnar epithelium that appears stratified.  Its ciliated variety, rich in goblet cells, lines most of the upper respiratory passages.

Term
Transitional epithelium
Definition

is a modified stratified squamous epithelium.  Adapted for responding to stretch; lines hollow urinary system organs.

Term
Connective
Definition

Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix. Derived from the mesoderm (or mesenchyme)

*function: support, protection, binding, insulation, and transportation (blood).

Term
Mesenchyme
Definition

embryonic form of connective tissue that gives rise to other cells (fibroblasts, chondroblast, osteoblast, hemocytoblast)

 

(fibroblasts gives rise to -> connective tissue proper, chondroblast -> cartilage, osteoblast -> bone, hemocytoblast -> blood)

Term
Fibroblasts
Definition

A type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers.

Term
Loose connective tissue
Definition

The most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holding organs in place. (list 3 types)

Term
Areolar
Definition

semifluid ground substance; all three fiber types loosely interwoven; contains a variety of cells; forms a soft packing around body organs and lamina propria

Term
Adipose tissue
Definition

A specialized form of loose connective tissues that store fat in adipose cells distributed throughout the matrix.

Term
Reticular fibers
Definition

Very thin and branched fibers made of collagen. They form a tightly woven fabric that is continuous with the collagenous fibers of the extracellular matrix.

Term
Dense/ Fibrous connective tissue
Definition
A dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments. Fixsen’s definition: The term "fibrous connective tissue" is used in different ways. Used broadly, it refers to any type of connective tissue other than adipose connective tissue. Used more narrowly, it refers to dense regular connective tissue (tendons, ligaments).  (list 3 types)
Term
Dense Regular
Definition

dense parallel bundles of collagen fibers; few cells, little ground substance; high tensile strength; forms tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

Term
Dense Irregular
Definition

like regular variety, but fibers are arranged in different planes,; resists tension exerted from many different directions; forms the dermis of the skin and fascia.

Term
Elastic
Definition

Long threads made of the protein elastin. Elastic fibers provide a rubbery quality to the extracellular matrix that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers. Found in elastic ligaments and blood vessels.

Term
Chondrocytes
Definition

exists as 3 diiferent types

Term
Collagenous fibers
Definition

Tough fibers of the extracellular matrix. They are made of collagen that are nonelastic and do not tear easily when pulled lengthwise

Term
Cartilage
Definition
exists as 3 diiferent types
Term
Hyaline
Definition

firm ground susbatnace containing collagen fibers; high resistance to wear; found in fetal skeleton, at articulating surfaces of bones, and trachea; most abundant type.

Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition

coarse parallel collagen fibers; provides flexible support with compressibility; forms intervertebral discs and knee cartilages

Term
Elasticartilage
Definition

elastic fibers predominate; provides flexible support of the external ear and epiglottis

Term
Haversian systems
Definition

One of many structural units of vertebrate bone, consisting of concentric layers of mineralized bone matrix surrounding lacunae, which contain osteocytes, and a central canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves.

Term
Bone
Definition
(osseous tissue) consists of a firm, collagen-conatining matrix embedded with calcium salts, which confer rigidity; forms the body skeleton.
Term
Osteocytes
Definition

Bone-forming cells that deposit a matrix of collagen.

Term
Ligaments
Definition

A type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints.

Term
Tendons
Definition

A type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Term
Blood
Definition

A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.

Term
Leukocytes
Definition

A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production.

Term
Erythrocytes
Definition

A red blood cell; contains hemoglobin, which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory system.

Term
Platelets
Definition

A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow.

Term
Muscle
Definition

Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses. (list 3 types)

Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition

Striated muscle generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body. Attached to and move bone skeleton

Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition

A type of muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart. Pumps blood

 

Term
Smooth/Visceral muscle
Definition

Smooth muscle found in the walls of the digestive tract, bladder, arteries, and other internal organs. Propels, substances thought the organs

Term
Organs
Definition
A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells.
Term
Nervous
Definition

Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another.

Term
Neuron
Definition

A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane.

Term
Axons
Definition

A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.

Term

Dendrites

Definition

One of usually numerous, short, highly branched processes of a neuron that convey nerve impulses toward the cell body.

 

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