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118 Midterm 1
Classification and Cladistics
17
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
01/13/2011

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Term
Analagous Structures
Definition
structures that have the same function, but not necessarily the same origin

ex: wings of a bird and bat
Term
Autopamorphy
Definition
derived characteristic diagnostic for a group
Term
branch
Definition
on a phylogenetic tree, a link between 2 hypothetical ancestors or b/w a hypothetical ancestor and a species or group of species designated by a line
Term
clade
Definition
a monophyletic grouping on a phylogenetic tree; a monophyletic subset on a phylogenetic tree
Term
Cladistics
Definition
the study of evolutionary relationships of organisms based on the rule of parsimony and that only monophyletic groupings deserve taxonomic status
Term
Homologuous structures
Definition
structures that have the same origin, but not necessarily the same function.
ex: the arm of a human and the flipper of a dolphin
Term
Monophyletic group
Definition
a group containing all descendents of their most recent common ancestor; in cladistics, the only valid grouping
Term
Node
Definition
on a phylogenetic tree, a hypothetical ancestory, the place where 2 branches intersect
Term
paraphyletic group
Definition
a group not consisting of all the descendants of their most recent common ancestor
-in cladistics, this is an invalid grouping b/c it does not express evolutionary relationships
Term
phylogeny
Definition
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Term
Phylogenetic tree
Definition
branching diagrams that express evolutionary relationships
Term
polyphyletic group
Definition
a group consisting of 2 or more distantly related species; in cladistics, this is an invalid grouping b/c it does not express evolutionary relationships
Term
sister group
Definition
a species or clade most closely related to a given species; also called sisters
Term
symplesiomorphy
Definition
shared ancestral/primitive characteristics
Term
synaptomorphy
Definition
shared derived characteristics
Term
taxon/ taxa
Definition
any grouping in the Linnean heirarchy (genus, species, family...)
Term
taxonomy
Definition
the study of naming organisms (a subset of systematics)
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