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1051H Chapter 33
Gregory Mankiw Textbook Definitions. Jeffrey Milyo's Class
23
Economics
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2008

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Term
recession
Definition
a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment
Term
depression
Definition
a severe recession
Term
Fact 1 on economic fluctuations
Definition
economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable
Term
Fact 2 on economic fluctuations
Definition
most macroeconomic quantities fluctuate together
Term
Fact 3 on economic fluctuations
Definition
as output falls, unemployment rises
Term
most economists believe that classical theory describes
Definition
the world in the long run but not in the short run
Term
model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply
Definition
the model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend
Term
aggregate-demand curve
Definition
a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, the government, and customers abroad want to buy at each price level
Term
aggregate-supply curve
Definition
a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level
Term
economy's GDP (Y) =
Definition
Consumption + investment + government purchases + net exports
Term
The wealth effect
Definition
a decrease in price level raises the real value of money and makes consumers wealthier, which in turn encourages them to spend more. The increase in consumer spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded. Conversely, an increase in the price level reduces the real value of money, in turn reducing wealth, consumer spending, and the quantity of goods and services demanded
Term
the interest rate effect
Definition
a lower price level reduces the interest rate, encourages greater spending on investment goods, and thereby increases the quantity of goods and services demanded. Conversely, a higher price level raises the interest rate, reducing investment spending and the quantity of goods and services demanded
Term
the exchange rate effect
Definition
When a fall in U.S. price level causes U.S. interest rates to fall, the real value of the dollar declines in foreign exchange markets, and this depreciation stimulates U.S. net exports and thereby increases the quantity of goods and services demanded. Conversely, when the U.S. price level rises and causes the U.S. interest rates to rise, the real value of the dollar increases, and this appreciation reduces U.S. net exports and the quantity of goods and services demanded.
Term
three reasons a fall in price level increases the quantity of goods and services demanded
Definition
1. consumers are wealthier, which stimulates the demand for consumption goods. 2. interest rates fall, which stimulates the demand for investment goods. 3. currency depreciates, which stimulates the demand for net exports
Term
Why might aggregate demand curve shift?
Definition
changes in consumption, changes in investment, changes in government purchases, and changes in net exports
Term
In the LR, an economy's production of goods and services (real GDP) depends on its supplies of ___, ____, ____ and on ____.
Definition
supplies of labor, capital, natural resources, and on the available technology used to turn these factors of production into goods and services
Term
natural rate of output
Definition
the production of goods and services that an economy achieves in teh long run when unemployment is at its normal rate
Term
Why might LR aggregate supply curve shift?
Definition
changes in labor, changes in capital, changes in natural resources, and changes in technological knowledge
Term
Short-run fluctuations in output and the price level should be viewed as
Definition
deviations from the continuing LR trends of output growth and inflation (p.755)
Term
The quantity of output supplied deviates from its LR, or "natural", level when the
Definition
actual price level in the economy deviates from the price level that people expected to prevail.
Term
Quantity of output supplied =
Definition
natural rate of output + a(actual price level - expected price level)
Term
An increase in the expected price level reduces the quantity of goods and services supplied and shifts the short run aggregate supply curve to the left. A decrease in the expected price level
Definition
raises the quantity of goods and services supplied and shifts the SR aggregate supply curve to the right
Term
stagflation
Definition
a period of falling output and rising prices
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