Shared Flashcard Set

Details

102
chapter 32
118
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/05/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
groups of organisms with a thin body wall that makes a circulatory system unnecessary
Definition
Sponges, cnidarians and flatworms
Term
Hydras have
Definition
each cell exposed to water and can independently exchange gases and excrete wastes
Term
what has a trilobed gastrovascular cavity
Definition
Planaria
Term
a small, flat body where nutrients diffuse from cell to cell.
Definition
Planaria
Term
use the coelomic fluid of the body cavity to transport fluids
Definition
Pseudocoelomates
Term
rely on movement of coelomic fluid as a circulatory system.
Definition
Echinoderms
Term
is a circulatory fluid and is always contained within blood vessels
Definition
blood
Term
is a circulatory fluid which flows into the hemocoel of certain arthropods and molluscs; it is a mixture of blood and interstitial fluid.
Definition
Hemolymph
Term
have an open circulatory system
Definition
Certain arthropods and molluscs
Term
is pumped by the heart into the body cavity or saclike sinuses
Definition
Hemolymph
Term
bathes the internal organs and then drains back to the heart
Definition
Hemolymph
Term
in grasshoppers
Definition
a dorsal heart pumps hemolymph into an aorta, which empties into the hemocoel.
Term
is colorless
Definition
Hemolymph
Term
have a closed circulatory system in which blood never leaves the heart or vessels.
Definition
earthworms and cephalopods
Term
Valves prevent
Definition
any backward flow of the blood as it moves through vessels
Term
have five pairs of anterior lateral vessels that pump blood to every segment
Definition
earth worms
Term
have five pairs of anterior lateral vessels that pump blood to every segment
Definition
earth worms
Term
Blood moves in capillaries where
Definition
an exchange with tissue fluid takes place before returning in veins.
Term
have a red respiratory pigment hemoglobin dissolved in the blood, not inside blood cells.
Definition
earth worms
Term
With no special cavity for gas exchange
Definition
the gas must diffuse across a moist body wall
Term
____have a closed circulatory system ____
Definition
Vertebrates cardiovascular system
Term
The muscular heart keeps
Definition
blood circulating through the blood vessels
Term
The muscular heart keeps
Definition
blood circulating through the blood vessels
Term
The atria are the
Definition
chambers of the heart that receive blood
Term
The ventricles pump
Definition
blood into arteries
Term
There are three kinds of blood vessels:
Definition
arteries carry the blood away from the heart, capillaries are where the exchange with tissue fluid takes place, and veins return the blood to the heart
Term
have thick walls and are resilient.
Definition
Arteries
Term
expand to accommodate sudden increase in blood volume that results after heart contraction.
Definition
Arteries
Term
divide into small arterioles
Definition
Arteries
Term
Arteriole constriction and dilatio
Definition
is regulated by the nervous system to affect blood pressure.
Term
microscopic blood vessels with a wall formed of one layer of simple squamous cells.
Definition
Capillaries
Term
microscopic blood vessels with a wall formed of one layer of simple squamous cells.
Definition
Capillaries
Term
Capillary beds are so prevalent that (in humans)
Definition
all cells are within 60–80 µm of a capillary
Term
Capillary beds are so prevalent that (in humans)
Definition
all cells are within 60–80 µm of a capillary
Term
what percent of the capillaries are open at one time
Definition
5
Term
are so narrow that red blood cells must pass through them in single file
Definition
capillaries
Term
are so narrow that red blood cells must pass through them in single file
Definition
capillaries
Term
what occurs across the thin capillary walls.
Definition
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
Term
vessels that take blood from capillaries and join to form a vein
Definition
The venules
Term
transport blood toward the heart
Definition
Veins
Term
The walls of ____ are much thinner than those of _____
Definition
veins, arteries
Term
The walls of ____ are much thinner than those of _____
Definition
veins, arteries
Term
there is a lower blood pressure in ____ than in _____
Definition
veins, arteries.
Term
open in the direction of the heart, and then close to prevent backflow
Definition
oneway valves
Term
onecircuit (singleloop) circulatory pathway (Vertebrates)
Definition
fishes
Term
a heart in a fish has a (vertebrates)
Definition
single atrium and a single ventricle and pumps the blood under pressure to the gills
Term
in fish Blood is
Definition
oxygenated in the gills.
Term
After passing through gills of a fish
Definition
blood is returned to the dorsal aorta, which distributes the blood throughout the body.
Term
Other vertebrates have a twocircuit (doubleloop) circulatory pathway which means?
Definition
to breathe air on land
Term
The systemic circuit transports
Definition
the blood to tissue
Term
The pulmonary circuit pumps
Definition
blood to lungs
Term
the heart has two atria and a single ventricle
Definition
In amphibians and most reptiles
Term
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
Definition
lungs
Term
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
Definition
lungs
Term
the left ventricle pumps blood to the
Definition
rest of the body
Term
the left ventricle pumps blood to the
Definition
rest of the body
Term
Skeletal muscle contraction is responsible for (in humans)
Definition
the blood movement in veins
Term
In humans the heart is what shape? muscle organ size?
Definition
coneshape, fist
Term
The heart in a human is located?
Definition
between the lungs directly behind the sternum and is tilted so that the apex is oriented to the left
Term
The myocardium in humans
Definition
its muscle fibers are branched and tightly joined together
Term
the heart lies within the _______, a sac that secretes a _________ fluid.
Definition
pericardium, lubricating
Term
The endocardium lines the
Definition
inner surface of the heart
Term
The endocardium consists of
Definition
connective tissue and endothelial tissue
Term
An internal wall called the _______ separates the heart into right and left halves
Definition
septum,
Term
The heart has in humans
Definition
two upper, thinwalled atria and two lower, thickwalled ventricles
Term
in humans the Heart valves direct the flow
Definition
blood and prevent any backward movement
Term
in humans_______are supported by strong __________ (chordae tendineae) which support the valves and prevent them from inverting when the heart contracts.
Definition
valves, fibrous tendons
Term
in humans Atrioventricular valves between the atria and ventricles prevent
Definition
any back flow from the ventricle to the atrium
Term
in humans The right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve on right side of the heart consists
Definition
three cusps or flaps
Term
in humans The left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve on left side consists
Definition
two cusps or flaps
Term
in humans Semilunar valves are located between
Definition
ventricles and their attached vessels
Term
in humans The pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the
Definition
right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Term
in humans The pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the
Definition
right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Term
in humans The aortic semilunar valve lies between
Definition
left ventricle and the aorta
Term
The route of blood through the heart
step 1
Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium from
Definition
both the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
Term
The route of blood through the heart
step 2
The right atrium sends blood through the
Definition
right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve to the right ventricle
Term
The route of blood through the heart
step 3
The right ventricle sends blood through the
Definition
pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and arteries to the lungs.
Term
The route of blood through the heart
step 4
Oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs through
Definition
pulmonary veins and is delivered to the left atrium.
Term
The route of blood through the heart
step 5
The left atrium sends blood through the
Definition
left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve to the left ventricle
Term
The route of blood through the heart
step 6
The left ventricle sends blood through the aortic semilunar valve
Definition
into the aorta and on to the body proper
Term
O2-poor blood and O2-rich blood
Definition
never mix
Term
blood pressure is greatest in the
Definition
aorta
Term
left ventricle has the harder job of pumping blood throughout the body so it has
Definition
thicker walls
Term
Blood pressure decreases when
Definition
cross-sectional area of the arteries and arterioles increases
Term
The human heart contracts (beats) about
Definition
70 times a minute
Term
Each heart beat lasts
Definition
.85 seconds
Term
The ____ contract first while the ______relax
Definition
atria, ventricles
Term
Systole refers to the
Definition
contraction of heart chambers
Term
diastole refers to the
Definition
relaxation of the heart chambers.
Term
The heart is in _______ 50 percent of the time
Definition
diastole
Term
The short systole of the atria is needed only to
Definition
send blood into the ventricles
Term
the volume of blood that the left ventricle pumps per minute into the systemic circuit
Definition
the cardiac output
Term
vibrations of the heart when the atrioventricular valves close.
Definition
lub
Term
heard when the vibrations occur due to the closing of semilunar valves
Definition
dub
Term
there is one _____ pulse per ______ systole
Definition
arterial, ventricular
Term
the arterial pulse rate can be used to determine
Definition
the heart rate
Term
Rhythmic contraction of the heart is due to the
Definition
cardiac conduction system
Term
The sinoatrial (SA) node is the
Definition
pacemaker
Term
pacemaker is found
Definition
upper dorsal wall of the right atrium
Term
initiates the heartbeat by sending out an excitatory impulse every 0.85 seconds to cause the atria to contract
Definition
pace maker
Term
The atrioventricular (AV) node is found
Definition
in the base of the right atrium very near the septum
Term
The atrioventricular (AV) node is found
Definition
in the base of the right atrium very near the septum
Term
when stimulated by impulses from the SA node, it sends out impulses through the septum to cause the ventricles to contract.
Definition
The atrioventricular (AV) node
Term
the heart beat is regulated by the
Definition
nervous system
Term
The hormones ________ and _______ also stimulate the heart.
Definition
epinephrine, norepinephrine
Term
is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle; it is used as a diagnostic tool to identify abnormal cardiac function
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG)
Term
Normal Cardiac Cycle
The P wave represents
Definition
excitation and occurs just before atrial contraction
Term
Normal Cardiac Cycle
The QRS complex signals that
Definition
the ventricles are about to contract
Term
Normal Cardiac Cycle
The electrical changes that occur as the ventricular muscle fibers recover produce the
Definition
t wave
Term
Normal Cardiac Cycle
The electrical changes that occur as the ventricular muscle fibers recover produce the
Definition
t wave
Term
Ventricular fibrillation is
Definition
uncoordinated contraction of the ventricles
Term
The human cardiovascular system has two major circular pathways
Definition
The Pulmonary Circuit, The Systemic Circuit
Term
The pulmonary circuit circulates
Definition
blood to the lungs
Term
Oxygen-poor blood from the body collects in the ______ ______, which pumps it to _______ ________
Definition
right ventricle, pulmonary trunk
Term
The portal system is a pathway of blood flow that begins and ends
Definition
in capillaries
Term
The hepatic portal vein transports blood from
Definition
capillaries in the small intestinal villi to capillaries in the liver
Term
The hepatic vein leaves the _____ and enters the inferior ____ ____.
Definition
liver, vena cava
Term
In the liver, substances absorbed by the _____ are modified, ____ and ____ are removed, and the normal composition of _____ is monitored.
Definition
intestine, toxins, bacteria, blood
Supporting users have an ad free experience!