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1001 Test 3
Chapter 8
30
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/09/2009

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Term
Energy flow
Definition
Energy flows through ecosystems while the chemical within are recycled
Term
Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration by-products
Definition
everything from cell. resp. and photo. can be recycled
Term
Breakdown of glucose to ...
Definition
CO2 and Energy (ATP + heat)
Term
Pyruvate
Definition
product of Glycolysis' harvested energy that has been broken down
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Catabolic pathway during which 6-C glucose is split into 2 3-C sugars; sugars rearranged by process producing 2 Pyruvic Acid molecules
Term
Glycolysis properties
Definition
1. Multi-step pathway that takes place in cytoplasm
2. Splits glucose to pyruvate
3. Occurs with or without O2
Term
Phases of Glycolysis
Definition
1. Glucose Activation Phase
2. Energy harvest phase
Term
Glucose-Activation Phase
Definition
(Glycolysis)
Cellular ATP to physphorylate glycolysis intermediates
Term
Energy Harvest Phase
Definition
(Glycolysis)
Produces ATP
Yields 4 ATP per glucose
Yields 2 NADH per glucose
Term
Fermentation
Definition
> no O present = pyruvic acid molecules go through this
> Can be anaerobic
> NO ATP production
> partial degradation of sugars
> Regenerates NAD+
Term
2 types of Fermentation
Definition
> Alcohol
> Lactic Acid
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Other option from Fermentation
> Happens after Glycolysis WITH O present
> ATP production
> Complete degradation of sugars
Term
Cellular Repiration is ...
Definition

The sum of Glycolysis,

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle),

and Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

Term
Glycolysis
Definition

> Occurs in cytoplasm

> partially oxidizes glucose (C6) in 2 Pyruvic (C3) molecules

Term
Citric Acid Cycle
Definition

(KREBS or TCA)

> Occurs in mitochondrial matrix

> completes breakdown of glucose that Glycolysis started

Term
Products of Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
NADH, FADH, small amount of ATP
Term
Electron Transport System
Definition

> located in inner mitochondrial membrane

> accepts NADH and FADH

> Uses energy from electron transfers to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

> Produces 90% of ATP in cellular respiration

Term
TCA/KREBS/Citric Acid Cycle connection to Glycolysis
Definition
Bridge Reaction which converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA
Term
Bridge Reaction
Definition

1. Removes CO2

2. Produces NADH from NAD+

3. Attaches coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

Term
Krebs Cycle background info
Definition

> Occurs in mitochondrial matrix

> Discovered by Hans Krebs


NADH          FADH2          ATP          CO2

 

4                      1                1                3

8                      2               2               6


2 pyruvates per glucose, so 2 turns of Krebs required

Term
After Glycolysis and Krebs, where is energy?
Definition
NADH and FADH2
Term
Stored Energy in NADH and FADH2 harvested by passage through...
Definition
Electron Transport System
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition

1. NADH and FADH2 pass through this series of enzyme and other proteins

2. Energy used to pump H+ from matrix into intermembrane compartment (makes gradient)

Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition

Energy-coupling mechanism

> ETC does not make ATP directly

> Generates proton gradient

> Chemiosmosis occurs

Term
Chemiosmosis definition
Definition
Coupling of exergonic electron flow down an ETC to endergonic ATP production by creation of gradient across membrane
Term
Chemiosmosis properties/location
Definition

> located in inner mitochondrial membrane

> 3 protons moved from matrix to intermembrane compartment per NADH

> 2 protons moved per FADH2

Term
Overall summary of Glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC combined:
Definition

C6H1206 + 36 ADP + 6O2

6CO2 + 36 ATP + 42 H2O

Term
Feedback Mechanisms
Definition

Controls cellular respiration

> Feedback inhibition switches off pathways in cells

> ratio of ATP/ADP reflects energy state of cell

> ATP/ADP high = high energy

Term
ADP = dead battery
Definition
ATP = charged battery
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