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Goal 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3
Lesson 1, 2, 8, 6, 5
47
Biology
10th Grade
01/04/2013

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Term
cell
Definition
basic unit of structure and function
Term
eukaryotic cell
Definition
true nucleus
membrane - bound organelle
ex: plants, animals, protists, fungi
Term
prokaryotic cell
Definition
no true nucleus
no membrane-bound organelle
ex: bacteria
Term
organelles
Definition
cell structures that are specialized for different functions
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
thick, semifluid material that is enclosed by the plasma membrane
Term
nucleus
Definition
directs and controls most cellular activities
Term
nuclear membrane
Definition
encloses the nucleus
Term
chromosomes
Definition
DNA is bundled into structures called ___.
Term
plasmids
Definition
prokaryotes have ring-shaped pieces of DNA called ____
Term
plasma membranes
Definition
thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cytoplasm
Term
ribosomes
Definition
makes proteins
seen in dots in various diagrams
Term
mitochondria
Definition
powerhouse of the cell
cellular respiration
produces ATP
contains inner folds that increase the surface area for ATP to be produced
Term
cell wall
Definition
rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane giving them protection and support
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
organelles that capture energy of sunlight and use it for photosynthesis
Term
vacuoles
Definition
organelles that store water
Term
unicellular
Definition
organism consists of one cell
Term
bacteria
Definition
are prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan
Term
archaea
Definition
are prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidogylcan.
Term
protists
Definition
are the most diverse group of eukaryotes with characteristics that prevent them from being classified as fungi, plant, or animals
Term
microscope
Definition
is a device that enables its user to see enlarged images of tiny objects
Term
contractile vacuole
Definition
is a membrane organelle that helps a cell maintain its water balance. Excess water is constantly pumped out
Term
cilia
Definition
short, hairlike projections on the outside of a cell that move the cell using coordinated strokes; this helps the paramecia move
Term
flagellum
Definition
is a long, whiplike projection whose uniform rhythmic motion is used to move the cell; This is how the Eugena moves.
Term
pseudopods
Definition
false foot; This is how the amoebas move
Term
eyespot
Definition
is an organelle that contains a pigment that is sensitive to light.
Term
chemotaxis
Definition
movement toward or away from the chemicals in the environment
Term
phototaxis
Definition
is the movement of an organism toward or away from light
Term
gene
Definition
sections of DNA that code for specific traits
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
is a process that produces specialized cells with different structures and functions
Term
zygote
Definition
fertilized eggs
Term
stem cells
Definition
unspecialized cells that reproduce themselves and have the capacity to differentiate into one of many types of specialized cells
Term
gene expression
Definition
process by which the information in genes is used to make proteins
Term
gene regulation
Definition
determines whether a gene is turned on or off in a cell
Term
parent cell
Definition
the original cell
Term
daughter cell
Definition
Each new cell that forms from the parent cell
Term
cell cycle
Definition
continuous process in which individual cells grow, make copies of their chromosomes, and then divide to form daughter cells
Term
interphase
Definition
period of growth and DNA replication (copying) that occurs between dividions
Term
G1
Definition
cell increases in size and makes proteins
Term
S
Definition
duplication of replication of chromosomes occurs
Term
G2
Definition
cell continues to grow as all the structures and proteins the cell needs for mitosis to form
Term
mitosis
Definition
the nucleus divides into two nuclei
Term
prophase
Definition
1st phase of mitosis
chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
sister chromatids are attached at regions called the centromere
nuclear membrane breaks down
centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
Term
metaphase
Definition
2nd stage
sister chromatids line up at the cell's center along the spindle fibers
Term
anaphase
Definition
3rd phase of mitosis
spindle fibers pull the sister
chromatids apart at their centromeres. They are now called individual chromosomes
Term
telophase
Definition
4th stage of mitosis
the chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell and begin to uncoil
nuclear membrane reform around the chromosomes at each pole
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
follows telophase; is the division of the cytoplasm into two separate cells
In animal cells, a central groove called a cleavage furrow forms in the plasma membrane and pinches the two daughter cells apart. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate between the nuclei; the cell plate forms part of the cell wall of each of the two new cells
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
is the production of offspring by a single parent
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