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07 - Hematology, Oncology
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132
Medical
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02/23/2016

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Term
the vitamin k dependent clotting factors include factors:
Definition
2, 7, 9, 10
Term
heparin will increase ____ value, and affects the ____ pathway
Definition
PTT, intrinsic
Term
____ is the antidote to warfarin
Definition
protamine sulfate
Term
the vitamin k dependent clotting factors (2, 7, 9, and 10) are part of the ____ pathway
Definition
extrinsic
Term
in the useage of warfarin for anticoagulation, the INR goal is between ____ and ____
Definition
2, 3
Term
____ is the antidote to heparin
Definition
vitamin K
Term
when starting a patient on warfarin: initially, heparin and warfarin should be given together , due to the possibility of ____
Definition
hypercoagulability (becauase warfarin inhibits proteins C and S before factors 2, 7, 9, and 10)
Term
____ is a deficiency of a clotting factor that leads to bleeding disorders
Definition
hemophilia
Term
bleeding disorders due to ____ dysfunction usually cause petechiae; bleeding disorders due to ____ dysfunciton usally cuase hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint spaces)
Definition
platelets, coagulation factors
Term
* classic case of ____ is the boy who presents with hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint space, results in joint swelling)
Definition
hemophilia
Term
the mc SEVERE congenital clotting deficiency is ____
Definition
hemophilia A
Term
the mc severe congenital clotting deficiency is hemophilia A, which is due to ____ defeciency
Definition
clotting factor 8
Term
the mc severe congenital clotting deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews is ____, which is caused by defeciency of ____
Definition
hemophilia C, clotting factor 9
Term
patients with hemophilia are typically ____ and have a ____ history
Definition
male, family (is an x-linked recessive disease)
Term
bleeding disorder + joint pain + joint destruction is indicative of ____
Definition
hemophilia (leads to hemarthrosis, aka bleeding into joint space)
Term
hemophilia will result in high ____ value
Definition
PTT (same as von Willebrand's disease)
Term
____ is treatment of bleeding episode in patient with hemophilia
Definition
transfusion of clotting factors
Term
____ is treatment of mild hemophilia; this treatment helps the body release more ____
Definition
desmopressin, clotting factor 8 (ensure to restrict fluids in patients, to avoid low sodium)
Term
____ is an autosomal dominant condition in which patients have deficient or defective von Willebrand's factor with low levels of clotting factor 8, which is carried by von Willebrand factor
Definition
von Willebrand's disease
Term
the mc inherited bleeding disorder is ____
Definition
von Willebrand's disease (is a more mild disease than hemophilia)
Term
the symptoms of von Willebrand's disease are due to ____ dysfunction
Definition
platelet
Term
von Willebrand's disease will result in high ____ value
Definition
PTT (same as hemophilia)
Term
____ is treatment of bleeding episode in patient with von Willebrand's disease
Definition
desmopressin
Term
____ is an all-inclusive term describing conditions that increase a patient's risk of developing thromboembolic disease
Definition
hypercoaguable states (aka thrombophilia, aka prothrombotic states)
Term
the mc inherited cause of hypercoaguable state is ____
Definition
factor 5 Leiden
Term
2 physiologic causes of hypercoaguable state are ____ and ____
Definition
age, pregnancy
Term
thrombosis + hemorrhage (bleeding) is indicative of ____
Definition
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Term
____ is a common disorder among hospitalized patietns, 2nd only to liver disease as a cause of ACQUIRED bleeding disorder
Definition
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (may be associated with almost ANY severe illness)
Term
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is due to deposition of ____ (leading to thrombosis) and depletion of ____ and ____ (leading to hemorrhage)
Definition
fibrin, clotting factors, platelets
Term
____ is low in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC); it is normal in liver disease
Definition
clotting factor 8
Term
____ is a bleeding disorder due to platelet microthrombi that block off small blood vessels, leading to end-organ ischemia and dysfunction; RBCs are fragmented by contact with microthrombi, leading to hemolysis
Definition
TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
Term
Schistocytes (fragmented RBCs that look like helmets) + LOW platelets + HIGH creatinine is indicative of ____
Definition
TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
Term
____ is the mcc of acute renal failure (acute rise in creatinine) in children
Definition
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Term
____ transfusion is contraindicated in TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) (a bleeding disorder due to platelet microthrombi that block off small blood vessels, leading to end-organ ischemia and dysfunction; RBCs are fragmented by contact with microthrombi, leading to hemolysis)
Definition
platelet
Term
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura is a relatively common cause of thrombocytopenia (low platelets); it is caused by ____ antibodes that are formed against the patient's platelets (patients often feel well and present with no systemic symptoms)
Definition
igG (immunoglobulin G)
Term
____ is mc treatment of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (a relatively common cause of thrombocytopenia (low platelets); it is caused by igG antibodes that are formed against the patient's platelets (patients often feel well and present with no systemic symptoms))
Definition
corticosteroids (IVIG and splenectomy are 2 other options)
Term
patients that are stable after surgery, can be treated with heparin as soon as ____ (time frame) after surgey
Definition
2 days
Term
treatment of DVT =
Definition
heparin + 3+ months of warfarin
Term
Spherocytes (spherical RBCs) + LOW hemoglobin + HIGH reticulocytes + Jaundice + Splenomegaly is indicative of ____
Definition
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Term
____ or ____ are the tests for Hereditary Spherocytosis (Spherocytes (spherical RBCs + LOW hemoglobin + HIGH reticulocytes + Jaundice + Splenomegaly)
Definition
eosin binding, glycerol
Term
cells that stain with tartrate-resistant ____ are indicative of hairy cell leukemia
Definition
acid phosphatase
Term
itching after bathing / showering can be indicative of ____
Definition
polycythemia vera (an overproduction of RBCs)
Term
polycythemia vera (an overproduction of RBCs) is typically due to ___ mutation
Definition
JAK 2
Term
patient with sickle cell anemia suddenly has very LOW reticulocyte count; likely cause is ____
Definition
parvovirus B19 infection (results in temporary arrest in RBC production, causing aplastic crisis)
Term
____ is long-term treatment for HIGH calcium caused by cancer
Definition
bisphosphanates (-dronate, ex: zoledronate, pamidronate) (they inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption to inhibit calcium release from bone)
Term
____ is the mc form of skin cancer in the USA
Definition
basal cell carcinoma (accounts for 75% of skin cancers)
Term
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (aka Lynch syndrome) puts a person at HIGH risk of developing ____ cancer, and ____ cancer
Definition
colorectal, endometrial (uterus)
Term
painful bruise after minimal trauma is indicative of ____
Definition
hemophilia (can lead to hemarthrosis, aka bleeding into joint space, results in joint swelling) (is due to defeciency of clotting factor 8 or clotting factor 9)
Term
____ is a disorder of LOW hematocrit and LOW hemoglobin
Definition
anemia
Term
microcytic anemia is defined as MCV (mean corpuscular volume) of ____
Definition
below 80
Term
normocytic anemia is defined as MCV (mean corpuscular volume) of ____
Definition
80 to 100
Term
macrocytic anemia is defined as MCV (mean corpuscular volume) of ____
Definition
above 100
Term
____ is a condition in which iron loss exceeds intake
Definition
iron deficiency anemia
Term
toddlers, adolescent girls, and women of childbearing age or most commonly affected by ____ anemia
Definition
iron deficiency
Term
most ____ anemias are caused by processes that interfere with normal DNA synthesis and replication
Definition
macro-cytic
Term
B12 defeciency can be due to infection by ____
Definition
a tapeworm (diphyllobothrium latum)
Term
____ of a neutrophil is characteristic of megaloblastic anemia (a type of macro-cytic anemia)
Definition
hyper-segmentation (neutrophil will have a lot of lobes)
Term
____ is the gold standard test for iron deficiency anemia, but is rarely actually performed
Definition
bone marrow biopsy
Term
iron deficiency anemia will have a ____ reticulocyte count
Definition
low
Term
red cell distribution width (RDW) is ____ in iron deficiency anemia
Definition
high
Term
iron deficiency anemia will have ____ ferritin
Definition
low
Term
anemia of chronic disease will have ____ ferritin
Definition
high
Term
____ and/or ____ deficiency cause megaloblastic anemia (a type of macro-cytic anemia)
Definition
vitamin B12 (aka cobalamin), Folate
Term
deficiency of ____ can lead to subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (presents with motor, sensory, autonomic, and/or neuropsychiatric dysfunction)
Definition
vitamin B12 (aka cobalamin)
Term
the ____ test is used to determine if a person has pernicious anemia, or if they have dietary vitamin b12 defeciency (both of these can cause megaloblastic anemia)
Definition
schilling
Term
in the schilling test, the PRESENCE of radioLABELED b12 in the URINE indicates:
Definition
dietary vitamin b12 deficiency (the radioLABELED b12 can only get to the urine if it is properly absorbed)
Term
in the schilling test, the LACK of radioLABELED b12 in the URINE indicates:
Definition
pernicious anemia (destruction of parietal cells, so no production of intrinsic factor, so no absorption of vitamin b12) (or bacterial overgrowth, or pancreatic enzyme deficiency) (the radioLABELED b12 can only get to the urine if it is properly absorbed)
Term
____ occurs when bone marrow production is unable to compensate for increased destruction of circulating blood cells
Definition
hemolytic anemia (a type of normo-cytic anemia)
Term
autoimmune RBC destruction can occur due to ____ virus infection
Definition
EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) (causes infectious mononucleosis)
Term
sickle cell disease can cause ____ anemia
Definition
hemolytic (a normo-cytic anemia)
Term
mechanical heart valves can cause ____ anemia
Definition
hemolytic (a normo-cytic anemia)
Term
patients are typically jaundiced with ____ anemia
Definition
hemolytic (a normo-cytic anemia)
Term
hemolytic anemia (a normo-cytic anemia) will have a ____ reticulocyte count
Definition
high
Term
____ and ____ is treatment of hemolytic anemia (a normo-cytic anemia)
Definition
corticosteroids, iron supplements
Term
a positive ____ coomb's test indicates autoimmune cause of hemolytic anemia
Definition
indirect
Term
____ is a rare condition caused by failure of blood cell production due to destruction of bone marrow cells
Definition
aplastic anemia
Term
Low RBCs + Low WBCs + Low Platelets is indicative of ____
Definition
pancytopenia (likely due to aplastic anemia, which is a rare condition caused by failure of blood cell production due to destruction of bone marrow cells)
Term
sickle cell disease patients are at increased risk of ____ of the hip
Definition
avascular necrosis
Term
____ is an autosomal recessive disorder most commonly caused by a mutation of adult hemoglobin (the beta chain has glu replaced by val)
Definition
sickle cell disease
Term
anemia + jaundice + cholelithiasis + murmur + cardiomegaly + delayed growth + splenic infarction is indicative of ____
Definition
sickle cell disease (murmur and cardiomegaly are due to increased cardiac output)
Term
____ is treatment of symptomatic sickle cell disease
Definition
hydroxyurea (works by stimulating the production of fetal hemoglobin) (is contraindicted in pregnancy)
Term
____ is a hereditary disorder involving decreased or absent production of normal globin chains of hemoglobin
Definition
thalassemia
Term
____ is a hematology disease mc in Africans, Middle Easterners, and Asians
Definition
thalassemia (a hereditary disorder involving decreased or absent production of normal globin chains of hemoglobin)
Term
hydrops fetalis is a type of ____, in which the fetus dies before birth (dies in utero)
Definition
thalassemia (a hereditary disorder involving decreased or absent production of normal globin chains of hemoglobin)
Term
prophylaxis with ____ and ____ is sometimes ued to prevent blood transfusion reactions
Definition
diphenhydramine, acetaminophen
Term
____ will show a high Hematocrit, and it is either primary (due to increased RBC production) or secondary (due to decreased plasma volume and hemo-concentration)
Definition
polycythemia
Term
____ is the % of whole blood that is made up of RBCs
Definition
hematocrit
Term
polycythemias will always have a high ____
Definition
hematocrit
Term
____ is a group of inherited disorders that result from abnormalities of heme production, that leads to an accumulation of porphyrin (porphyrin is essential for the funciton of hemoglobin)
Definition
porphyria
Term
classic sign of ____ is pink urine
Definition
porphyria (a group of inherited disorders that result from abnormalities of heme production, that leads to an accumulation of porphyrin (porphyrin is essential for the funciton of hemoglobin))
Term
____ is treatment of acute attack of porphyria (a group of inherited disorders that result from abnormalities of heme production, that leads to an accumulation of porphyrin (porphyrin is essential for the funciton of hemoglobin))
Definition
glucose (glucose will provide negative feedback to the heme synthesis pathway)
Term
____ is malignant proliferation of hematopoietic cells, categorized by the type of cell involved and their level of differentiation
Definition
leukemia
Term
a rod-shaped structure in the cytoplasm of a myeloblast is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____
Definition
auer rod, AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)
Term
____ is the mc childhood malignancy
Definition
ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Term
AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) and ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) are clonal disorders of ____ hematopoietic stem cells
Definition
early
Term
in AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia), the leukemic cells are ____
Definition
Myelo-blasts
Term
in ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia), the leukemic cells are ____
Definition
Lympho-blasts
Term
in AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) and ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) the WBC count is ____
Definition
high (but the WBCs are dysfunctional), so there is increased rate of infections
Term
tumor lysis syndrome is acute renal failure (due to renal ____) caused by ____ which results due to the sudden destruction of many tumor cells (after chemotherapy begins)
Definition
insufficiency, hyper-uricemia
Term
a cell that is "smeared"-looking is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____
Definition
smudge cell, CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
Term
____ is the mc type of leukemia and primarly affects adults over age 60
Definition
CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
Term
treatment of ____ is often withheld until patients are symptomatic
Definition
CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
Term
philadelphia chromosome (t(9,22)) is typically associated with ____
Definition
CML (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia)
Term
likely diagnosis of leukemias based on age: ____ = less than age 13, ____ = age 13-40, ____ = age 40-60, ____ = age 60+, ____ = older males
Definition
ALL, AML, CML, CLL, Hairy Cell Leukemia
Term
cells with hair-like cytoplasmic projections from lymphocytes is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____
Definition
hairy cells, Hairy Cell Leukemia
Term
____ is malignant transformation of lymphoid cells residing primarily in lymphoid tissues, especially the lymph nodes
Definition
lymphoma
Term
common signs of ____ = high WBC count + splenomegaly + low platelet count + frequent infection
Definition
leukemia
Term
lymphoma is clasically organized into ____ lymphoma and ____ lymphoma
Definition
hodgkin's, non-hodgkin's
Term
most Non-hodgkin's lymphoma are ____ origin
Definition
B cell
Term
mc hematopoietic cancer is ____
Definition
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
____ lymphoma is 5x more common than ____ lymphoma
Definition
non-hodgkin's, hodgkin's
Term
hodgkin's lymphoma will typically affect ____ lymph nodes first
Definition
cervical (or any other lymph nodes above the diaphragm)
Term
"owl's eye" cell is called ____, and is pathognomonic for ____
Definition
reed-sternberg cells, hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
____ is clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells at varying stages of differentiation, with excess produciton of monoclonal immunoglobulins (typically IgA or IgG) or immunoglobulin fragments
Definition
mulitple myeloma
Term
multiple myeloma typically occurs around age ____ or older
Definition
70
Term
Anemia + Renal failure + Bone pain is indicative of ____
Definition
multiple myeloma (clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells at varying stages of differentiation, with excess produciton of monoclonal immunoglobulins (typically IgA or IgG) or immunoglobulin fragments)
Term
____ at rest = concern for malignancy
Definition
bone pain
Term
Bone pain at rest is indicative of ____
Definition
malignancy
Term
multiple myeloma will present with Anemia + Lytic bone lesions + ____ calcium + Kidney abnormalities
Definition
High
Term
____ macroglobulinemia is a clonal disorder of B cells that leads to malignant monoclonal gammopathy, with high levels of IgM
Definition
Waldeonstrom's
Term
Cold Agglutinins cause ____ upon exposure to cold
Definition
numbness
Term
____ is a generic term referring to extracellular deposition of protein fibers
Definition
amyloidosis
Term
the mc forms of amyloidosis (generic term referring to extracellular deposition of protein fibers) results in deposition of protein in the ____, ____, and ____
Definition
Heart, Liver, Kidneys
Term
____ confirms the diagnosis of amyloidosis (generic term referring to extracellular deposition of protein fibers)
Definition
Congo Red staining (shows apple-green birefringence under polarized light)
Term
patients with ____ neutrophil count are at High risk of infection
Definition
Low
Term
fungemia (presence of fungi in the blood) can result in ____ body temperature
Definition
Low (aka hypothermia)
Term
eosinophilia is a medical term for ____ eosinophil count
Definition
Low
Term
explain an Autologous transplant:
Definition
transplant from yourself to yourself
Term
explain an Allogenic transplant:
Definition
transplant from 1 human to another human
Term
explain a Syngenic transplant:
Definition
transplant from 1 identical twin to their other identical twin
Term
AIDS is associated with these 2 cancers: Kaposi's sarcoma and ____
Definition
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Term
Autoimmune diseases are associated with this cancer: ____
Definition
Thymoma (Thymus cancer)
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